Wind Farm parametrization in the mesoscale model WRF

The project’s objective is to investigate and develop methods for prediction
of mesoscale climate, wake effects and atmospheric feedbacks, for scenarios
where large portions of the sea are covered with wind farms. The atmospheric
flow is simulated with the WRF mesoscale model, since it has significantly lower
computational costs compared to high resolution models. Due to the fact that its
typical horizontal grid spacing is on the order of 2km, the energy extracted by the turbine, as well as the wake development inside the turbine- containing grid cells, are not described explicitly, but are parametrized as another sub-grid scale process.
In order to appropriately capture the wind farm wake recovery and its direction,
two properties are important, among others, the total energy extracted by the
wind farm and its velocity deficit distribution. In the considered parametrization
the individual turbines produce a thrust dependent on the background velocity.
For the sub-grid scale velocity deficit, the entrainment from the free atmospheric
flow into the wake region, which is responsible for the expansion, is taken into
account. Furthermore, since the model horizontal distance is several times larger
then the turbine diameter, it has been assumed that the generated turbulence and dissipation are balanced.
From version 3.2.1 onwards, the WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model
includes a wind farm parametrization option (Fitch Scheme). In contrary to the
above described parametrization where the wind turbines are positioned explicitly,
the wind farms in the default scheme are treated as a density distribution, which
limits the description of the internal wind farm velocity deficit development and
its related efficiency. In the Fitch Scheme the wind turbines act as drag devices,
where the extracted force is proportional to the turbine area interfacing a grid
cell. The sub-grid scale wake expansion is achieved by adding turbulence kinetic
energy (proportional to the extracted power) to the flow. The validity of both
wind farm parametrizations has been verified against observational data. We use
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data, as well as mast measurements
from meteorological masts and power measurements from wind turbines, at Horns Rev and Nysted. From the SAR satellite data the wake extension can be derived.
The wind farm measurements have been used to compare the total thrust produced by both types of parametrization. In case studies the wake deficit has been estimated by the deflection of the wake due to the slowing down of the wind speed.
The results of the wind farm parametrization will be used to investigate eventual
climate impacts of large wind farms. Furthermore it will develop techniques
for up-scaling the effects simulated by wind farm wake models into mesoscale atmospheric planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterisations and perform simulations using these parameterisations to understand the feedbacks between the wind farms and the regional wind climate. The work will extend the current knowledge about wake effects from observations and small-scale models to potential feedbacks in the PBL atmosphere.