Abstract
The term emergence is increasingly used across scientific disciplines to describe phenomena that arise from interactions among a system's components but cannot be readily inferred by examining those components in isolation. While often invoked to explain higher-level behaviors-such as flocking, synchronization, or collective intelligence-the term is frequently used without precision, sometimes giving rise to ambiguity or even mystique. In this perspective paper, I clarify the scientific meaning of emergence as a measurable and physically grounded phenomenon. Through concrete examples-such as temperature, magnetism, and herd immunity in social networks-I review how collective behavior can arise from local interactions that are constrained by global boundaries. By refining the concept of emergence, it is possible to gain a clearer and more grounded understanding of complex systems. My goal is to show that emergence, when properly framed, offers not mysticism, but rather insight.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | pgag010 |
| Journal | PNAS Nexus |
| Volume | 5 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| ISSN | 2752-6542 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2026 |
Keywords
- Complex systems
- Emergence
- More is different
- Reductionism
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