Transverse oscillation tensor velocity imaging using a row-column addressed array: Experimental validation

Tensor velocity imaging (TVI) performance with a row-column probe was assessed for constant flow in a straight vessel phantom and pulsatile flow in a carotid artery phantom. TVI, i.e., estimating the 3-D velocity vector as a function of time and spatial position, was performed using the transverse oscillation cross-correlation estimator, and the flow was acquired with a Vermon 128+128 row-column array probe connected to a Verasonics 256 research scanner. The emission sequence used 16 emissions per image, and a TVI volume rate of 234 Hz was obtained for a pulse repetition frequency (f_prf ) of 15 kHz. The TVI was validated by comparing estimates of the flow rate through several cross-sections with the flow rate set by the pump. For the constant 8 mL/s flow in the straight vessel phantom with relative estimator bias (RB) and standards deviation (RSD) was found in the range of −2.18% to 0.55% and 4.58% to 2.48% in measurements performed with an f_prf  of 15, 10, 8, and 5 kHz. The pulsatile flow in the carotid artery phantom the was set to an average flow rate of 2.44 mL/s, and the flow was acquired with an f_prf  of 15, 10, and 8 kHz. The pulsatile flow was estimated from two measurement sites: one at a straight section of the artery and one at the bifurcation. In the straight section, the estimator predicted the average flow rate with an RB value ranging from −7.99% to 0.10% and an RSD value ranging from 10.76% to 6.97%. At the bifurcation, RB and RSD values were between −7.47% to 2.02% and 14.46% to 8.89%. This demonstrates that an RCA with 128 receive elements can accurately capture the flow rate through any cross-section at a high sampling rate.