Towards Sustainable Energy Transition: Guidelines for Wind Energy Expansion and Power-to-X Integration in Small Island States

Small Island States (SIS) historically relied heavily on imported fuels for energy, but are shifting towards harnessing renewable energies (REs) to combat climate change, bolster resilience, and secure long-term energy independence. Ambitious plans for RE-based energy systems are underway in various SIS globally. However, integrating increasing shares of solar and wind energy into SIS power systems poses operational challenges, such as surplus energy leading to curtailment and the lack of kinetic energy storage resulting in low inertia systems. Power-to-X (PtX) facilities offer a promising solution, converting curtailed RE energy into green hydrogen (GH2), with inverter-based electrolysers providing grid services. Technical planning and precise sizing are crucial for effective PtX integration, addressing expansion planning and operational needs. This paper provides guidelines for feasible wind energy expansion and PtX sizing in SIS, considering energy demand, infrastructure, and geography. Monte Carlo simulation generates expansion scenarios, with subsequent analysis assessing system reliability against frequency events, utilizing alkaline electrolysers for frequency regulation. The Faroe Islands' bulk power system serves as a case study, aligning with local initiatives to increase wind energy share by 2030. Preliminary results suggest AELs rated at 9.8 MW can provide adequate frequency response, potentially avoiding curtailment of 15.7 MW of wind energy compared to 2023. The paper's structure includes an introduction to the Faroese power system, considerations for wind power expansion, PtX facility insights, simulated frequency support scenarios, and main findings of PtX inclusion in SIS.