Thylakoid membrane–based photobioelectrochemical systems: Achievements, limitations, and perspectives

During the few past decades, intensive efforts have been focused toward optimizing ‘wiring’ of thylakoid membranes (TMs) to conductive surfaces for their further application for light-energy conversion and production of an electron flow. This review summarizes recent progress and current state of photobioelectrodes and systems based on TMs. We consider various electrode materials and surface modifications, mediators and setup designs reported until now and compare achieved current and power outputs. Finally, we discuss further potentially valuable applications and perspectives of TM-based bioelectrochemical systems.