The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172

Linn Voss; I-Lun Hsiao; Maximilian Ebisch; Janja Vidmar; Nadine Dreiack; Linda Böhmert; Valerie Stock; Albert Braeuning; Katrin Löschner; Peter Laux; Andreas F. Thünemann; Alfonso Lampen; Holger Sieg

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000

The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172

Linn Voss, I-Lun Hsiao, Maximilian Ebisch, Janja Vidmar, Nadine Dreiack, Linda Böhmert, Valerie Stock, Albert Braeuning, Katrin Löschner^*, Peter Laux, Andreas F. Thünemann, Alfonso Lampen, Holger Sieg

^*Corresponding author for this work

National Food Institute

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Abstract

Iron oxides used as food colorants are listed in the European Union with the number E172. However, there are no specifications concerning the fraction of nanoparticles in these pigments.

Here, seven E172 products were thoroughly characterized. Samples of all colors were analyzed with a broad spectrum of methods to assess their physico-chemical properties. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) and in vitro cell viability measurements were used.

Nanoparticles were detected in all E172 samples by TEM or SAXS measurements. Quantitative results from both methods were comparable. Five pigments were evaluated by TEM, of which four had a size median below 100 nm, while SAXS showed a size median below 100 nm for six evaluated pigments. Therefore, consumers may be exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles through the consumption of food pigments.

Original language	English
Article number	127000
Journal	Food Chemistry
Volume	327
Number of pages	9
ISSN	0308-8146
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000
Publication status	Published - 2020

Keywords

Iron oxide
Nanoparticles
E172
Food pigment

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@article{70a0c48ab5e44131a2620f783e233936,

title = "The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172",

abstract = "Iron oxides used as food colorants are listed in the European Union with the number E172. However, there are no specifications concerning the fraction of nanoparticles in these pigments.Here, seven E172 products were thoroughly characterized. Samples of all colors were analyzed with a broad spectrum of methods to assess their physico-chemical properties. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) and in vitro cell viability measurements were used.Nanoparticles were detected in all E172 samples by TEM or SAXS measurements. Quantitative results from both methods were comparable. Five pigments were evaluated by TEM, of which four had a size median below 100 nm, while SAXS showed a size median below 100 nm for six evaluated pigments. Therefore, consumers may be exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles through the consumption of food pigments.",

keywords = "Iron oxide, Nanoparticles, E172, Food pigment",

author = "Linn Voss and I-Lun Hsiao and Maximilian Ebisch and Janja Vidmar and Nadine Dreiack and Linda B{\"o}hmert and Valerie Stock and Albert Braeuning and Katrin L{\"o}schner and Peter Laux and Th{\"u}nemann, {Andreas F.} and Alfonso Lampen and Holger Sieg",

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doi = "10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000",

language = "English",

volume = "327",

journal = "Food Chemistry",

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T1 - The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172

AU - Voss, Linn

AU - Hsiao, I-Lun

AU - Ebisch, Maximilian

AU - Vidmar, Janja

AU - Dreiack, Nadine

AU - Böhmert, Linda

AU - Stock, Valerie

AU - Braeuning, Albert

AU - Löschner, Katrin

AU - Laux, Peter

AU - Thünemann, Andreas F.

AU - Lampen, Alfonso

AU - Sieg, Holger

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Iron oxides used as food colorants are listed in the European Union with the number E172. However, there are no specifications concerning the fraction of nanoparticles in these pigments.Here, seven E172 products were thoroughly characterized. Samples of all colors were analyzed with a broad spectrum of methods to assess their physico-chemical properties. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) and in vitro cell viability measurements were used.Nanoparticles were detected in all E172 samples by TEM or SAXS measurements. Quantitative results from both methods were comparable. Five pigments were evaluated by TEM, of which four had a size median below 100 nm, while SAXS showed a size median below 100 nm for six evaluated pigments. Therefore, consumers may be exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles through the consumption of food pigments.

AB - Iron oxides used as food colorants are listed in the European Union with the number E172. However, there are no specifications concerning the fraction of nanoparticles in these pigments.Here, seven E172 products were thoroughly characterized. Samples of all colors were analyzed with a broad spectrum of methods to assess their physico-chemical properties. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) and in vitro cell viability measurements were used.Nanoparticles were detected in all E172 samples by TEM or SAXS measurements. Quantitative results from both methods were comparable. Five pigments were evaluated by TEM, of which four had a size median below 100 nm, while SAXS showed a size median below 100 nm for six evaluated pigments. Therefore, consumers may be exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles through the consumption of food pigments.

KW - Iron oxide

KW - Nanoparticles

KW - E172

KW - Food pigment

U2 - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000

DO - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 32454284

SN - 0308-8146

VL - 327

JO - Food Chemistry

JF - Food Chemistry

M1 - 127000

ER -

The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172

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Keywords

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