The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae

Steve Schulze; Ofer Yaron; Jesper Sollerman; Giorgos Leloudas; Amit Gal; Angus H. Wright; Ragnhild Lunnan; Avishay Gal-Yam; Eran O. Ofek; Daniel A. Perley; Alexei V. Filippenko; Mansi M. Kasliwal; Shrinivas R. Kulkarni; James D. Neill; Peter E. Nugent; Robert M. Quimby; Mark Sullivan; Nora Linn Strotjohann; Iair Arcavi; Sagi Ben-Ami; Federica Bianco; Joshua S. Bloom; Kishalay De; Morgan Fraser; Christoffer U. Fremling; Assaf Horesh; Joel Johansson; Patrick L. Kelly; Nikola Knežević; Sladjana Knežević; Kate Maguire; Anders Nyholm; Seméli Papadogiannakis; Tanja Petrushevska; Adam Rubin; Lin Yan; Yi Yang; Scott M. Adams; Filomena Bufano; Kelsey I. Clubb; Ryan J. Foley; Yoav Green; Jussi Harmanen; Anna Y. Q. Ho; Isobel M. Hook; Griffin Hosseinzadeh; D. Andrew Howell; Albert K. H. Kong; Rubina Kotak; Thomas Matheson; Curtis McCully; Dan Milisavljevic; Yen-Chen Pan; Dovi Poznanski; Isaac Shivvers; Sjoert van Velzen; Kars K. Verbeek

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e

The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae

Steve Schulze^*, Ofer Yaron, Jesper Sollerman, Giorgos Leloudas, Amit Gal, Angus H. Wright, Ragnhild Lunnan, Avishay Gal-Yam, Eran O. Ofek, Daniel A. Perley, Alexei V. Filippenko, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni, James D. Neill, Peter E. Nugent, Robert M. Quimby, Mark Sullivan, Nora Linn Strotjohann, Iair Arcavi, Sagi Ben-AmiFederica Bianco, Joshua S. Bloom, Kishalay De, Morgan Fraser, Christoffer U. Fremling, Assaf Horesh, Joel Johansson, Patrick L. Kelly, Nikola Knežević, Sladjana Knežević, Kate Maguire, Anders Nyholm, Seméli Papadogiannakis, Tanja Petrushevska, Adam Rubin, Lin Yan, Yi Yang, Scott M. Adams, Filomena Bufano, Kelsey I. Clubb, Ryan J. Foley, Yoav Green, Jussi Harmanen, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Isobel M. Hook, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, D. Andrew Howell, Albert K. H. Kong, Rubina Kotak, Thomas Matheson, Curtis McCully, Dan Milisavljevic, Yen-Chen Pan, Dovi Poznanski, Isaac Shivvers, Sjoert van Velzen, Kars K. Verbeek

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Several thousand core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) of different flavors have been discovered so far. However, identifying their progenitors has remained an outstanding open question in astrophysics. Studies of SN host galaxies have proven to be powerful in providing constraints on the progenitor populations. In this paper, we present all CCSNe detected between 2009 and 2017 by the Palomar Transient Factory. This sample includes 888 SNe of 12 distinct classes out to redshift z ≈ 1. We present the photometric properties of their host galaxies from the far-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared and model the host-galaxy spectral energy distributions to derive physical properties. The galaxy mass function of Type Ic, Ib, IIb, II, and IIn SNe ranges from 105 to 1011.5 M ⊙, probing the entire mass range of star-forming galaxies down to the least-massive star-forming galaxies known. Moreover, the galaxy mass distributions are consistent with models of star-formation-weighted mass functions. Regular CCSNe are hence direct tracers of star formation. Small but notable differences exist between some of the SN classes. Type Ib/c SNe prefer galaxies with slightly higher masses (i.e., higher metallicities) and star formation rates than Type IIb and II SNe. These differences are less pronounced than previously thought. H-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and SNe Ic-BL are scarce in galaxies above 1010 M ⊙. Their progenitors require environments with metallicities of < 0.4 and < 1 solar, respectively. In addition, the hosts of H-poor SLSNe are dominated by a younger stellar population than all other classes of CCSNe. Our findings corroborate the notion that low metallicity and young age play an important role in the formation of SLSN progenitors.

Original language	English
Article number	29
Journal	The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
Volume	255
Issue number	2
Number of pages	35
ISSN	0067-0049
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e
Publication status	Published - 2021

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Schulze, S., Yaron, O., Sollerman, J., Leloudas, G., Gal, A., Wright, A. H., Lunnan, R., Gal-Yam, A., Ofek, E. O., Perley, D. A., Filippenko, A. V., Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Neill, J. D., Nugent, P. E., Quimby, R. M., Sullivan, M., Strotjohann, N. L., Arcavi, I., ... Verbeek, K. K. (2021). The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 255(2), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e

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title = "The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae",

abstract = "Several thousand core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) of different flavors have been discovered so far. However, identifying their progenitors has remained an outstanding open question in astrophysics. Studies of SN host galaxies have proven to be powerful in providing constraints on the progenitor populations. In this paper, we present all CCSNe detected between 2009 and 2017 by the Palomar Transient Factory. This sample includes 888 SNe of 12 distinct classes out to redshift z ≈ 1. We present the photometric properties of their host galaxies from the far-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared and model the host-galaxy spectral energy distributions to derive physical properties. The galaxy mass function of Type Ic, Ib, IIb, II, and IIn SNe ranges from 105 to 1011.5 M ⊙, probing the entire mass range of star-forming galaxies down to the least-massive star-forming galaxies known. Moreover, the galaxy mass distributions are consistent with models of star-formation-weighted mass functions. Regular CCSNe are hence direct tracers of star formation. Small but notable differences exist between some of the SN classes. Type Ib/c SNe prefer galaxies with slightly higher masses (i.e., higher metallicities) and star formation rates than Type IIb and II SNe. These differences are less pronounced than previously thought. H-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and SNe Ic-BL are scarce in galaxies above 1010 M ⊙. Their progenitors require environments with metallicities of < 0.4 and < 1 solar, respectively. In addition, the hosts of H-poor SLSNe are dominated by a younger stellar population than all other classes of CCSNe. Our findings corroborate the notion that low metallicity and young age play an important role in the formation of SLSN progenitors.",

author = "Steve Schulze and Ofer Yaron and Jesper Sollerman and Giorgos Leloudas and Amit Gal and Wright, {Angus H.} and Ragnhild Lunnan and Avishay Gal-Yam and Ofek, {Eran O.} and Perley, {Daniel A.} and Filippenko, {Alexei V.} and Kasliwal, {Mansi M.} and Kulkarni, {Shrinivas R.} and Neill, {James D.} and Nugent, {Peter E.} and Quimby, {Robert M.} and Mark Sullivan and Strotjohann, {Nora Linn} and Iair Arcavi and Sagi Ben-Ami and Federica Bianco and Bloom, {Joshua S.} and Kishalay De and Morgan Fraser and Fremling, {Christoffer U.} and Assaf Horesh and Joel Johansson and Kelly, {Patrick L.} and Nikola Kne{\v z}evi{\'c} and Sladjana Kne{\v z}evi{\'c} and Kate Maguire and Anders Nyholm and Sem{\'e}li Papadogiannakis and Tanja Petrushevska and Adam Rubin and Lin Yan and Yi Yang and Adams, {Scott M.} and Filomena Bufano and Clubb, {Kelsey I.} and Foley, {Ryan J.} and Yoav Green and Jussi Harmanen and Ho, {Anna Y. Q.} and Hook, {Isobel M.} and Griffin Hosseinzadeh and Howell, {D. Andrew} and Kong, {Albert K. H.} and Rubina Kotak and Thomas Matheson and Curtis McCully and Dan Milisavljevic and Yen-Chen Pan and Dovi Poznanski and Isaac Shivvers and Velzen, {Sjoert van} and Verbeek, {Kars K.}",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e",

language = "English",

volume = "255",

journal = "The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series",

issn = "0067-0049",

publisher = "IOP Publishing",

number = "2",

}

Schulze, S, Yaron, O, Sollerman, J, Leloudas, G, Gal, A, Wright, AH, Lunnan, R, Gal-Yam, A, Ofek, EO, Perley, DA, Filippenko, AV, Kasliwal, MM, Kulkarni, SR, Neill, JD, Nugent, PE, Quimby, RM, Sullivan, M, Strotjohann, NL, Arcavi, I, Ben-Ami, S, Bianco, F, Bloom, JS, De, K, Fraser, M, Fremling, CU, Horesh, A, Johansson, J, Kelly, PL, Knežević, N, Knežević, S, Maguire, K, Nyholm, A, Papadogiannakis, S, Petrushevska, T, Rubin, A, Yan, L, Yang, Y, Adams, SM, Bufano, F, Clubb, KI, Foley, RJ, Green, Y, Harmanen, J, Ho, AYQ, Hook, IM, Hosseinzadeh, G, Howell, DA, Kong, AKH, Kotak, R, Matheson, T, McCully, C, Milisavljevic, D, Pan, Y-C, Poznanski, D, Shivvers, I, Velzen, SV & Verbeek, KK 2021, 'The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae', The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 255, no. 2, 29. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e

The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae. / Schulze, Steve; Yaron, Ofer; Sollerman, Jesper et al.
In: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 255, No. 2, 29, 2021.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae

AU - Schulze, Steve

AU - Yaron, Ofer

AU - Sollerman, Jesper

AU - Leloudas, Giorgos

AU - Gal, Amit

AU - Wright, Angus H.

AU - Lunnan, Ragnhild

AU - Gal-Yam, Avishay

AU - Ofek, Eran O.

AU - Perley, Daniel A.

AU - Filippenko, Alexei V.

AU - Kasliwal, Mansi M.

AU - Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.

AU - Neill, James D.

AU - Nugent, Peter E.

AU - Quimby, Robert M.

AU - Sullivan, Mark

AU - Strotjohann, Nora Linn

AU - Arcavi, Iair

AU - Ben-Ami, Sagi

AU - Bianco, Federica

AU - Bloom, Joshua S.

AU - De, Kishalay

AU - Fraser, Morgan

AU - Fremling, Christoffer U.

AU - Horesh, Assaf

AU - Johansson, Joel

AU - Kelly, Patrick L.

AU - Knežević, Nikola

AU - Knežević, Sladjana

AU - Maguire, Kate

AU - Nyholm, Anders

AU - Papadogiannakis, Seméli

AU - Petrushevska, Tanja

AU - Rubin, Adam

AU - Yan, Lin

AU - Yang, Yi

AU - Adams, Scott M.

AU - Bufano, Filomena

AU - Clubb, Kelsey I.

AU - Foley, Ryan J.

AU - Green, Yoav

AU - Harmanen, Jussi

AU - Ho, Anna Y. Q.

AU - Hook, Isobel M.

AU - Hosseinzadeh, Griffin

AU - Howell, D. Andrew

AU - Kong, Albert K. H.

AU - Kotak, Rubina

AU - Matheson, Thomas

AU - McCully, Curtis

AU - Milisavljevic, Dan

AU - Pan, Yen-Chen

AU - Poznanski, Dovi

AU - Shivvers, Isaac

AU - Velzen, Sjoert van

AU - Verbeek, Kars K.

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Several thousand core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) of different flavors have been discovered so far. However, identifying their progenitors has remained an outstanding open question in astrophysics. Studies of SN host galaxies have proven to be powerful in providing constraints on the progenitor populations. In this paper, we present all CCSNe detected between 2009 and 2017 by the Palomar Transient Factory. This sample includes 888 SNe of 12 distinct classes out to redshift z ≈ 1. We present the photometric properties of their host galaxies from the far-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared and model the host-galaxy spectral energy distributions to derive physical properties. The galaxy mass function of Type Ic, Ib, IIb, II, and IIn SNe ranges from 105 to 1011.5 M ⊙, probing the entire mass range of star-forming galaxies down to the least-massive star-forming galaxies known. Moreover, the galaxy mass distributions are consistent with models of star-formation-weighted mass functions. Regular CCSNe are hence direct tracers of star formation. Small but notable differences exist between some of the SN classes. Type Ib/c SNe prefer galaxies with slightly higher masses (i.e., higher metallicities) and star formation rates than Type IIb and II SNe. These differences are less pronounced than previously thought. H-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and SNe Ic-BL are scarce in galaxies above 1010 M ⊙. Their progenitors require environments with metallicities of < 0.4 and < 1 solar, respectively. In addition, the hosts of H-poor SLSNe are dominated by a younger stellar population than all other classes of CCSNe. Our findings corroborate the notion that low metallicity and young age play an important role in the formation of SLSN progenitors.

AB - Several thousand core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) of different flavors have been discovered so far. However, identifying their progenitors has remained an outstanding open question in astrophysics. Studies of SN host galaxies have proven to be powerful in providing constraints on the progenitor populations. In this paper, we present all CCSNe detected between 2009 and 2017 by the Palomar Transient Factory. This sample includes 888 SNe of 12 distinct classes out to redshift z ≈ 1. We present the photometric properties of their host galaxies from the far-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared and model the host-galaxy spectral energy distributions to derive physical properties. The galaxy mass function of Type Ic, Ib, IIb, II, and IIn SNe ranges from 105 to 1011.5 M ⊙, probing the entire mass range of star-forming galaxies down to the least-massive star-forming galaxies known. Moreover, the galaxy mass distributions are consistent with models of star-formation-weighted mass functions. Regular CCSNe are hence direct tracers of star formation. Small but notable differences exist between some of the SN classes. Type Ib/c SNe prefer galaxies with slightly higher masses (i.e., higher metallicities) and star formation rates than Type IIb and II SNe. These differences are less pronounced than previously thought. H-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and SNe Ic-BL are scarce in galaxies above 1010 M ⊙. Their progenitors require environments with metallicities of < 0.4 and < 1 solar, respectively. In addition, the hosts of H-poor SLSNe are dominated by a younger stellar population than all other classes of CCSNe. Our findings corroborate the notion that low metallicity and young age play an important role in the formation of SLSN progenitors.

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e

DO - 10.3847/1538-4365/abff5e

M3 - Journal article

SN - 0067-0049

VL - 255

JO - The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

JF - The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

IS - 2

M1 - 29

ER -

The Palomar Transient Factory Core-collapse Supernova Host-galaxy Sample. I. Host-galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment Dependence of Core-collapse Supernovae

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