The INTEGRAL Mission

E. Kuulkers; P. Laurent; P. Kretschmar; A. Bazzano; S. Brandt; M.  Cadolle-Bel; F. Cangemi; A.  Coleiro; M. Ehle; C.  Ferrigno; E. Jourdain; J. M.  Mas-Hesse; M.  Molina; J. -P.  Roques; P. Ubertini

doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_56-1

The INTEGRAL Mission

E. Kuulkers, P. Laurent, P. Kretschmar, A. Bazzano, S. Brandt, M. Cadolle-Bel, F. Cangemi, A. Coleiro, M. Ehle, C. Ferrigno, E. Jourdain, J. M. Mas-Hesse, M. Molina, J. -P. Roques, P. Ubertini

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Abstract

The INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL; Winkler et al. 2003; Kuulkers et al. 2021) was launched onboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. The mission is currently providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 h per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (fully coded: 100 deg²), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, in the hard X-ray to gamma-ray range, as well as additional wavelength coverage at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity Observations on a large variety of sources.

INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: the discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources, first-ever direct detection of ⁵⁶Ni and ⁵⁶Co radioactive decay lines from a Type Ia supernova, spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleosynthesis sources, new insights on the enigmatic positron annihilation in the galactic bulge and disk, and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL, together with Fermi, observed the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron-star merger

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics
Editors	C. Bambi, A. Santangelo
Place of Publication	Singapore
Publisher	Springer
Publication date	2023
Pages	2307-2352
ISBN (Print)	978-981-16-4544-0
ISBN (Electronic)	978-981-16-4544-0
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_56-1
Publication status	Published - 2023

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Kuulkers, E., Laurent, P., Kretschmar, P., Bazzano, A., Brandt, S., Cadolle-Bel, M., Cangemi, F., Coleiro, A., Ehle, M., Ferrigno, C., Jourdain, E., Mas-Hesse, J. M., Molina, M., Roques, J. .-P., & Ubertini, P. (2023). The INTEGRAL Mission. In C. Bambi, & A. Santangelo (Eds.), Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics (pp. 2307-2352 ). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_56-1

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abstract = "The INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL; Winkler et al. 2003; Kuulkers et al. 2021) was launched onboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. The mission is currently providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 h per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, in the hard X-ray to gamma-ray range, as well as additional wavelength coverage at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity Observations on a large variety of sources.INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: the discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources, first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radioactive decay lines from a Type Ia supernova, spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleosynthesis sources, new insights on the enigmatic positron annihilation in the galactic bulge and disk, and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL, together with Fermi, observed the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron-star merger",

author = "E. Kuulkers and P. Laurent and P. Kretschmar and A. Bazzano and S. Brandt and M. Cadolle-Bel and F. Cangemi and A. Coleiro and M. Ehle and C. Ferrigno and E. Jourdain and Mas-Hesse, {J. M.} and M. Molina and Roques, {J. -P.} and P. Ubertini",

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Kuulkers, E, Laurent, P, Kretschmar, P, Bazzano, A, Brandt, S, Cadolle-Bel, M, Cangemi, F, Coleiro, A, Ehle, M, Ferrigno, C, Jourdain, E, Mas-Hesse, JM, Molina, M, Roques, J-P & Ubertini, P 2023, The INTEGRAL Mission. in C Bambi & A Santangelo (eds), Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics. Springer, Singapore, pp. 2307-2352 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_56-1

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AU - Kuulkers, E.

AU - Laurent, P.

AU - Kretschmar, P.

AU - Bazzano, A.

AU - Brandt, S.

AU - Cadolle-Bel, M.

AU - Cangemi, F.

AU - Coleiro, A.

AU - Ehle, M.

AU - Ferrigno, C.

AU - Jourdain, E.

AU - Mas-Hesse, J. M.

AU - Molina, M.

AU - Roques, J. -P.

AU - Ubertini, P.

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N2 - The INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL; Winkler et al. 2003; Kuulkers et al. 2021) was launched onboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. The mission is currently providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 h per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, in the hard X-ray to gamma-ray range, as well as additional wavelength coverage at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity Observations on a large variety of sources.INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: the discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources, first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radioactive decay lines from a Type Ia supernova, spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleosynthesis sources, new insights on the enigmatic positron annihilation in the galactic bulge and disk, and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL, together with Fermi, observed the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron-star merger

AB - The INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL; Winkler et al. 2003; Kuulkers et al. 2021) was launched onboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. The mission is currently providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 h per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, in the hard X-ray to gamma-ray range, as well as additional wavelength coverage at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity Observations on a large variety of sources.INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: the discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources, first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radioactive decay lines from a Type Ia supernova, spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleosynthesis sources, new insights on the enigmatic positron annihilation in the galactic bulge and disk, and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL, together with Fermi, observed the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron-star merger

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ER -

The INTEGRAL Mission

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