The importance of detachment processes in modelling crystallization fouling

Crystallization fouling poses significant safety, operational, economic, and environmental challenges. It is therefore imperative to mitigate crystallization fouling using accurate prediction models. Many prediction models fail to predict observed fouling rates, and this discrepancy could be due to the neglect, or oversimplification, of detachment processes. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of the importance of detachment processes in crystallization fouling. First, we detail the evolution of the incorporation of detachment terms in fouling models. We demonstrate, through an extensive review of published experimental studies, that current models are oversimplified because they do not account for key surface properties. Secondly, we address the role of hydrodynamics in detachment processes. We explore the interactions between shear forces and the adhesion strength of the fouling layer, and then propose a qualitative three-regime conceptual model to address the lack of consensus in literature. We present practical recommendations for fouling mitigation through the intentional promotion of detachment processes. Finally, we propose key areas of research that need to be addressed to develop more accurate models for crystallization fouling processes.