The Impact of EV Charging Schemes on the Nordic Energy System

With the expected penetration of Electric Vehicles (EV) along with ambitious initiatives for variable renewable energy development in the Nordics, energy systems will have to adapt to the increased demand and higher share of variable supply. The study investigates EV integration pathways with different degrees of flexibility provided by the charging schemes passive charging (PC), Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) in the energy system model Balmorel. While PC yields in the largest annualized system cost, V2G can achieve considerable savings. Smart charging schemes reduces electricity price variability considerably compared to PC. Further, investments in additional battery storage systems are delayed using G2V until 2050 whereas PC have significantly larger requirements already decades before. The flexible charging schemes have subsequently positive effects on emission reduction. Allowing the model to use the foresight mode and taking into account future developments earlier reduces the system cost of all scenarios. While V2G still is the cheapest option, it however, is considerably small in the improvements which shows a certain robustness whereas PC gains relatively more by being able to adjusting earlier for the substantial peak demand requirements.