The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375: I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution

P. Thalhammer; R. Ballhausen; E. Sokolova-Lapa; J. Stierhof; A. Zainab; R. Staubert; K. Pottschmidt; J. B. Coley; R. E. Rothschild; G. K. Jaisawal; B. West; P. A. Becker; P. Pradhan; P. Kretschmar; J. Wilms

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348594

The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375: I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution

P. Thalhammer^*, R. Ballhausen, E. Sokolova-Lapa, J. Stierhof, A. Zainab, R. Staubert, K. Pottschmidt, J. B. Coley, R. E. Rothschild, G. K. Jaisawal, B. West, P. A. Becker, P. Pradhan, P. Kretschmar, J. Wilms

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

The Be X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 went through its third recorded giant outburst from June 2021 to early 2022. We present the results of both spectral and timing analysis based on NICER monitoring, covering the 2-10 keV flux range from 20 to 310 mCrab. Dense monitoring with observations carried out about every second day and a total exposure time of ~160 ks allowed us to closely track the source evolution over the outburst. Changes in the spectral shape and pulse profiles showed a stable luminosity dependence during the rise and decline. The same type of dependence has been seen in past outbursts. The pulse profile is characterized by several distinct peaks and dips. The profiles show a clear dependence on luminosity with a stark transition at a luminosity of ~2 × 10³⁶ erg s^-1, indicating a change in the emission pattern. Using relativistic raytracing, we demonstrate how anisotropic beaming of emission from an accretion channel with a constant geometrical configuration can give rise to the observed pulse profiles over a range of luminosities.

Original language	English
Article number	A213
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	688
Number of pages	15
ISSN	0004-6361
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348594
Publication status	Published - 2024

Keywords

Stars: neutron
X-rays: binaries
X-rays: individuals: EXO 2030+375

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Thalhammer, P., Ballhausen, R., Sokolova-Lapa, E., Stierhof, J., Zainab, A., Staubert, R., Pottschmidt, K., Coley, J. B., Rothschild, R. E., Jaisawal, G. K., West, B., Becker, P. A., Pradhan, P., Kretschmar, P., & Wilms, J. (2024). The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375: I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 688, Article A213. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348594

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title = "The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375: I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution",

abstract = "The Be X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 went through its third recorded giant outburst from June 2021 to early 2022. We present the results of both spectral and timing analysis based on NICER monitoring, covering the 2-10 keV flux range from 20 to 310 mCrab. Dense monitoring with observations carried out about every second day and a total exposure time of ~160 ks allowed us to closely track the source evolution over the outburst. Changes in the spectral shape and pulse profiles showed a stable luminosity dependence during the rise and decline. The same type of dependence has been seen in past outbursts. The pulse profile is characterized by several distinct peaks and dips. The profiles show a clear dependence on luminosity with a stark transition at a luminosity of ~2 × 1036 erg s-1, indicating a change in the emission pattern. Using relativistic raytracing, we demonstrate how anisotropic beaming of emission from an accretion channel with a constant geometrical configuration can give rise to the observed pulse profiles over a range of luminosities.",

keywords = "Stars: neutron, X-rays: binaries, X-rays: individuals: EXO 2030+375",

author = "P. Thalhammer and R. Ballhausen and E. Sokolova-Lapa and J. Stierhof and A. Zainab and R. Staubert and K. Pottschmidt and Coley, {J. B.} and Rothschild, {R. E.} and Jaisawal, {G. K.} and B. West and Becker, {P. A.} and P. Pradhan and P. Kretschmar and J. Wilms",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Authors 2024.",

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doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202348594",

language = "English",

volume = "688",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

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Thalhammer, P, Ballhausen, R, Sokolova-Lapa, E, Stierhof, J, Zainab, A, Staubert, R, Pottschmidt, K, Coley, JB, Rothschild, RE, Jaisawal, GK, West, B, Becker, PA, Pradhan, P, Kretschmar, P & Wilms, J 2024, 'The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375: I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 688, A213. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348594

TY - JOUR

T1 - The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375

T2 - I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution

AU - Thalhammer, P.

AU - Ballhausen, R.

AU - Sokolova-Lapa, E.

AU - Stierhof, J.

AU - Zainab, A.

AU - Staubert, R.

AU - Pottschmidt, K.

AU - Coley, J. B.

AU - Rothschild, R. E.

AU - Jaisawal, G. K.

AU - West, B.

AU - Becker, P. A.

AU - Pradhan, P.

AU - Kretschmar, P.

AU - Wilms, J.

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - The Be X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 went through its third recorded giant outburst from June 2021 to early 2022. We present the results of both spectral and timing analysis based on NICER monitoring, covering the 2-10 keV flux range from 20 to 310 mCrab. Dense monitoring with observations carried out about every second day and a total exposure time of ~160 ks allowed us to closely track the source evolution over the outburst. Changes in the spectral shape and pulse profiles showed a stable luminosity dependence during the rise and decline. The same type of dependence has been seen in past outbursts. The pulse profile is characterized by several distinct peaks and dips. The profiles show a clear dependence on luminosity with a stark transition at a luminosity of ~2 × 1036 erg s-1, indicating a change in the emission pattern. Using relativistic raytracing, we demonstrate how anisotropic beaming of emission from an accretion channel with a constant geometrical configuration can give rise to the observed pulse profiles over a range of luminosities.

AB - The Be X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 went through its third recorded giant outburst from June 2021 to early 2022. We present the results of both spectral and timing analysis based on NICER monitoring, covering the 2-10 keV flux range from 20 to 310 mCrab. Dense monitoring with observations carried out about every second day and a total exposure time of ~160 ks allowed us to closely track the source evolution over the outburst. Changes in the spectral shape and pulse profiles showed a stable luminosity dependence during the rise and decline. The same type of dependence has been seen in past outbursts. The pulse profile is characterized by several distinct peaks and dips. The profiles show a clear dependence on luminosity with a stark transition at a luminosity of ~2 × 1036 erg s-1, indicating a change in the emission pattern. Using relativistic raytracing, we demonstrate how anisotropic beaming of emission from an accretion channel with a constant geometrical configuration can give rise to the observed pulse profiles over a range of luminosities.

KW - Stars: neutron

KW - X-rays: binaries

KW - X-rays: individuals: EXO 2030+375

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202348594

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202348594

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85202200586

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 688

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A213

ER -

The giant outburst of EXO 2030+375: I. Spectral and pulse profile evolution

Abstract

Keywords

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