Thaumasite formation in marine concrete structures in Northern Europe

Thaumasite, a mineral that forms especially in cold climates in the presence of limestone, poses potential challenges in marine construction. This paper explores thaumasite formation in various saline solutions and its impacts on the structural integrity and durability. Through a review of case studies and recent research, the paper provides a comprehensive understanding of conditions in which thaumasite forms. The findings emphasize the importance of material selection to prevent thaumasite formation. Thermodynamic modelling indicates thaumasite formation when calcined clay limestone cement is exposed to seawater, even with low sulphate concentrations.