TY - JOUR
T1 - Technical and economic working domains of industrial heat pumps: Part 1 - single stage vapour compression heat pumps
AU - Ommen, Torben Schmidt
AU - Jensen, Jonas Kjær
AU - Markussen, Wiebke Brix
AU - Reinholdt, Lars
AU - Elmegaard, Brian
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - A large amount of operational and economic constraints limit the applicability of heat pumps operated
with natural working fluids. The limitations are highly dependent on the integration of heat source and
sink streams. An evaluation of feasible operating conditions was carried out considering the constraints
of available refrigeration equipment and a requirement of a positive net present value of the investment.
Six heat pump systems were considered, corresponding to an upper limit of the sink temperature of 120
°C. For each set of heat sink and source temperatures the best available technology was determined. The
results showed that four different heat pump systems propose the best available technology at different
parts of the complete domain. Ammonia systems presented the best available technology at low sink outlet
temperature. At high temperature difference between sink in- and outlet, the transcritical R744 expands
the working domain for low sink outlet temperatures.
AB - A large amount of operational and economic constraints limit the applicability of heat pumps operated
with natural working fluids. The limitations are highly dependent on the integration of heat source and
sink streams. An evaluation of feasible operating conditions was carried out considering the constraints
of available refrigeration equipment and a requirement of a positive net present value of the investment.
Six heat pump systems were considered, corresponding to an upper limit of the sink temperature of 120
°C. For each set of heat sink and source temperatures the best available technology was determined. The
results showed that four different heat pump systems propose the best available technology at different
parts of the complete domain. Ammonia systems presented the best available technology at low sink outlet
temperature. At high temperature difference between sink in- and outlet, the transcritical R744 expands
the working domain for low sink outlet temperatures.
KW - Industrial heat pumps
KW - Working domain
KW - Absorption-compression heat pump
KW - Economic evaluation
KW - Natural refrigerants
U2 - 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.02.012
DO - 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.02.012
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0140-7007
VL - 55
SP - 168
EP - 182
JO - International Journal of Refrigeration
JF - International Journal of Refrigeration
ER -