Sorption and biodegradation of selected benzotriazoles and hydroxybenzothiazole in activated sludge and estimation of their fate during wastewater treatment

Biodegradation of benzotriazole (BTR), 5-chlorobenzotriazole (CBTR), xylytriazole (XTR), 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4TTR), 5-methy-1H-lbenzotriazole (5TTR) and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OHBTH) was studied in activated sludge batch experiments under aerobic and anoxic conditions, presence of organic substrate and different sludge residence times (SRTs). Their sludge-water distribution coefficients were also calculated in sorption experiments and ranged between 87 and 220 L kg−1. Significant biodegradation of BTR, CBTR, XTR and OHBTH was observed in all biotic experiments. Half-life values ranged between 23 and 45 h (BTR), 18 and 47 h (CBTR), 14 and 26 h (XTR), 6.5 and 24 h (OHBTH). The addition of substrate did not suppress biodegradation kinetics; whereas in some cases accelerated biodegradation of microcontaminants. Except for CBTR, no effect of SRT on biodegradation constants was observed. Prediction of micropollutants removal in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) indicated that they will be partially removed, mainly due to aerobic biodegradation. Higher removal is expected at STPs operating at higher SRT and higher suspended solids concentrations.