Rates and regulation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification in the Black Sea

We performed incubation experiments with N-15-labeled nitrogen compounds to investigate the vertical distribution of pathways of N-2 production through the suboxic zone of the central Black Sea and the impact of oxygen and sulfide on the anammox process. Anammox rates increased with depth through the upper suboxic zone and reached a maximum of similar to 11 nmol N-2 L-1 d(-1) at the sharp interface between nitrate and ammonium, below which rates decreased toward the depth of sulfide accumulation. Heterotrophic denitrification was not detected, and therefore anammox was the prevailing sink for fixed nitrogen in the central Black Sea. In incubations with low oxygen concentrations, anammox activity was only partially inhibited, with a decrease in anammox rates to similar to 70% and 50% of the anoxic level at similar to 3.5 and similar to 8 mu mol L-1 O-2, respectively, and complete inhibition at similar to 13.5 mu mol L-1 O-2. Thus, the anammox process is not constrained to anoxic marine waters. This increases the volume of the major open-ocean oxygen-deficient zones, where anammox is potentially active, which has important implications for the contribution of anammox to the marine nitrogen cycle. We observed an inhibitory effect of micromolar sulfide concentrations on anammox activity, indicating that the vertical and likely horizontal distribution of active anammox bacteria is constrained to nonsulfidic water layers, which may explain the absence of the process in sulfidic basins with no suboxic zone.