Pyrolysed Carbon Scaffold for Bioelectrochemistry in Life Science

The research carried out in this thesis aimed to develop two-dimensional (2D) and threedimensional (3D) carbon-based micro –and nano- electrodes to improve the electrochemical measurements in a wide range of applications. These electrode structures can, for instance, be used to run measurements on cells or as a part of the bio-fuel cells. Specifically, the research has focused on three distinct but interrelated areas: (1) The fabrication of 2D and 3D of carbon - based micro -and nano- electrodes and the characterization of their physical, electrical and electrochemical properties. ( 2 ) The surface treatment of these electrode structures to enhance their electrochemical performance, but also to make it possible to change the electrode surface properties so that small or large chemical / biological molecules can be attached onto them, e.g. for bio-sensors that may be developed, or to make them more compatible with cell biological applications ( biocompatibility). (3) The study and application of functionalized 3D carbon electrodes for measuring the neurotransmitter dopamine emitted from neurons derived- stem cells that are clinically relevant in research on Parkinson's disease.