Power-to-X (PtX) integration in modern power systems: exploring grid code compliance and technical requirements in Denmark and the United Kingdom

Power-to-X (PtX) and electrolysers appear as versatile concepts to set significant changes for power systems and the whole energy sector because of their transversal application and flexibility enhancement. However, despite all the policy efforts to impulse PtX, few dedicated technical guidelines or test compliances for electrolysers connected to electrical grids have been set up until the moment. To this end, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the technical requirements governing the integration of inverter-based facilities, with a specific focus on Photovoltaic Power Plants (PVPPs), Wind Power Plants (WPPs), and Energy Storage Facilities (ESFs) in modern power systems, which can serve as references for PtX projects. The research explores the applicability of grid codes in Denmark and the United Kingdom, chosen due to their prominent utilization of renewable generators and frequent updates. Notably, the investigation emphasizes regulation requirements for active power and frequency control as the main scope of the study. Finally, some specific steps for defining technical guidelines and standardized parameters, ensuring a seamless and resilient integration of PtX technologies into modern power systems are presented as the main findings.