Ports as Energy Hubs: Renewable Energy Integration and Distribution

Ports play a critical role in energy transition, serving as essential nodes in global trade. As they evolve into renewable energy hubs, it is crucial to integrate renewable energy systems (RES) and advanced energy distribution technologies. This study presents a review of the technical and infrastructural demands on ports as they evolve into renewable energy hubs. Emphasizing the need for smart energy management systems like microgrids and energy storage solutions highlights their essential role in balancing fluctuating renewable energy supplies. Furthermore, the deployment of power-to-gas (P2G) technologies, focusing on hydrogen production and distribution, is explored as a key element in transforming port energy systems. Emphasis is placed on the integration of offshore wind, solar, and tidal energy systems, alongside the deployment of advanced energy storage mechanisms to address volatility in supply.Multi-fuel infrastructure capable of supporting sea and landside transportation is examined, alongside renewable energy and carbon capture, utilization, and storage systems, which are pivotal in achieving decarbonization goals. This review provides a roadmap for policymakers and industry stakeholders to address the challenges and opportunities in the energy transition of ports.