Pore-scale investigation of injectivity impairment caused by oil droplets during produced water reinjection using volume of fluid method

Produced water from subsurface may often contain oil droplets, even when not directly extracted from oil wells. Oil droplets can migrate into water-bearing stratigraphic layers, leading to the generation of oily water. This study evaluates the dynamic clogging behavior of oil droplets concerning various injection fluid properties, including injection velocity, interfacial tension, oil droplet size, concentration, viscosity, and medium wettability. The primary objective is to validate common clogging mechanisms associated with oil droplets and quantitatively assess the impact of these parameters on injectivity impairment within porous media. To achieve this, a volume of fluid approach is employed, integrating fluid interfacial properties to account for coalescence and surface adherence. The results are then compared to similar findings in existing literature. Our study reveals that increasing the capillary number enhances injectivity, up to a critical point where the flow regime attains optimal stability, contingent upon relative permeability and phase mobility. Investigation into system wettability demonstrates that while contact angle significantly affects the injectivity index, the impact on injectivity diminishes when altering it beyond 90°. Aligning droplet viscosity with that of the displacing fluid proves to be an effective solution for minimizing injectivity impairment, nearly eliminating damage. This research provides valuable insights into commonly studied emulsion parameters, like Jamin Ratio and oil concentration, and underlines the importance of investigating less-explored factors, such as wettability and oil viscosity, particularly in scenarios involving unstabilized droplets and coalescence dynamics.