TY - RPRT
T1 - Overview of the Power-to-X potential integration within the Danish energy system
AU - Singlitico, Alessandro
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Power-to-x is a term that refers to the set of technologies that are used to produce a generic energy product “X”, corresponding in most cases to a type of fuel, by using electricity. These technologies unlock the possibility for renewable electricity to penetrate those sectors in which its direct use is challenging and a more energy-dense fuel is more suitable. This report presents an overview of the potential of power-to-x in decarbonising sectors of the society in which direct electrification has marginally penetrated until now. In 2019, in Denmark, these sectors (transport, industry and agriculture) account for 14.6 million tonnes of greenhouse gases emission of only domestic emissions, plus 5.4 million tonnes of emissions due to international bunkering. These emissions can be reduced by replacing the fossil fuel currently used with green fuels generated by power-to-x facilities. The main candidate green fuels (e.g. hydrogen, methanol, ammonia, kerosene, etc.) are discussed in regards to their properties and current status, presenting no univocal solution. Moreover, a leap from MW-scale to GW-scale systems would be required, as today few hundred MW are installed worldwide, while only for Denmark multiple GW would be required. The scaling up of facilities order of magnitudes larger than today and the increased output of the manufacturing of the technologies involved are supposed to lead to a reduction of the investment costs up to 40% in 2030, and up to 80% in 2050. The integration of the power-to-x facilities in the energy systems is discussed in the last section, where the benefits and challenges of optimal use of their flexibility, recovery of by-products and integration of CO2 from biogenic sources are discussed. Finally, the infrastructure necessary for trading the fuels produced through power-to-x facilities in the perspective to become a net exporter.
AB - Power-to-x is a term that refers to the set of technologies that are used to produce a generic energy product “X”, corresponding in most cases to a type of fuel, by using electricity. These technologies unlock the possibility for renewable electricity to penetrate those sectors in which its direct use is challenging and a more energy-dense fuel is more suitable. This report presents an overview of the potential of power-to-x in decarbonising sectors of the society in which direct electrification has marginally penetrated until now. In 2019, in Denmark, these sectors (transport, industry and agriculture) account for 14.6 million tonnes of greenhouse gases emission of only domestic emissions, plus 5.4 million tonnes of emissions due to international bunkering. These emissions can be reduced by replacing the fossil fuel currently used with green fuels generated by power-to-x facilities. The main candidate green fuels (e.g. hydrogen, methanol, ammonia, kerosene, etc.) are discussed in regards to their properties and current status, presenting no univocal solution. Moreover, a leap from MW-scale to GW-scale systems would be required, as today few hundred MW are installed worldwide, while only for Denmark multiple GW would be required. The scaling up of facilities order of magnitudes larger than today and the increased output of the manufacturing of the technologies involved are supposed to lead to a reduction of the investment costs up to 40% in 2030, and up to 80% in 2050. The integration of the power-to-x facilities in the energy systems is discussed in the last section, where the benefits and challenges of optimal use of their flexibility, recovery of by-products and integration of CO2 from biogenic sources are discussed. Finally, the infrastructure necessary for trading the fuels produced through power-to-x facilities in the perspective to become a net exporter.
M3 - Report
BT - Overview of the Power-to-X potential integration within the Danish energy system
PB - Technical University of Denmark
ER -
