Numerical modelling of surface aeration and N₂O emission in biological water resource recovery

Biokinetic modelling of N₂O production and emission has been extensively studied in the past fifteen years. In contrast, the physical-chemical hydrodynamics of activated sludge reactor design and operation, and their impact on N₂O emission, is less well understood. This study addresses knowledge gaps related to the systematic identification and calibration of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation models. Additionally, factors influencing reliable prediction of aeration and N₂O emission in surface aerated oxidation ditch-type reactor types are evaluated. The calibrated model accurately predicts liquid sensor measurements obtained in the Lynetten Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF), Denmark. Results highlight the equal importance of design and operational boundary conditions, alongside biokinetic parameters, in predicting N₂O emission. Insights into the limitations of calibrating gas mass-transfer processes in two-phase CFD models of surface aeration systems are evaluated.