Neoantigen-reactive CD8+ T cells affect clinical outcome of adoptive transfer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma

BACKGROUND. Neoantigen-driven recognition and T cell-mediated killing contribute to tumor clearance following adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). Yet, how diversity, frequency, and persistence of expanded neoepitope-specific CD8⁺ T cells derived from TIL infusion products affect patient outcome is not fully determined.
METHODS. Using barcoded pMHC multimers, we provide a comprehensive mapping of CD8⁺ T cells recognizing neoepitopes in TIL infusion products and blood samples from 26 metastatic melanoma patients who received ACT.
RESULTS. We identified 106 neoepitopes within TIL infusion products corresponding to 1.8% of all predicted neoepitopes. We observed neoepitope-specific recognition to be virtually devoid in TIL infusion products given to patients with progressive disease outcome. Moreover, we found that the frequency of neoepitope-specific CD8⁺ T cells in TIL infusion products correlated with in-creased survival, and that detection of engrafted CD8⁺ T cells in post-treatment (i.e. originating from the TIL infusion product) were unique to responders of TIL-ACT. Finally, we found that a transcriptional signature for lymphocyte activity within the tumor microenvironment was associated with a higher frequency of neoepitope-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the infusion product.
CONCLUTIONS. These data support previous case studies of neoepitope-specific CD8⁺ T cells in melanoma, and indicate that successful TIL-ACT is associated with an expansion of neoepitope-specific CD8⁺ T cells.