@inproceedings{eb3746b1eb034eaea8cef1c432578fb2,
title = "Modulator vulnerability in continuous-variable quantum key distribution",
abstract = "Encoding of key bits in the quadratures of the electromagnetic light field is an essential part of any continuous-variable quantum key distribution system. However, flaws of practical implementation can make such systems susceptible to leakage of secret information. We verify a side channel presence in an optical in-phase and quadrature modulator which is caused by limited suppression of a quantum information-carrying sideband. We investigate various strategies an unauthorized third party can exploit the vulnerability in a proof-of-concept experiment and theoretically assess the modulation leakage effect on a security of the Gaussian coherent-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol and show that the leakage reduces the range of conditions which support secure key generation. Without the control of sideband modulation in practical in-phase and quadrature modulator-based systems the security can be compromised.",
keywords = "Coherent states, Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Disribution, Heterodyne detection, IQ modulator, Side channels",
author = "Nitin Jain and Ivan Derkach and Chin, \{Hou Man\} and Radim Filip and Andersen, \{Ulrik L.\} and Usenko, \{Vladyslav C.\} and Tobias Gehring",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 SPIE.; SPIE Security + Defence 2022 ; Conference date: 05-09-2022 Through 08-09-2022",
year = "2022",
doi = "10.1117/12.2638795",
language = "English",
series = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",
publisher = "SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering",
booktitle = "Proceedings of SPIE",
}