Modelling CHP within a national power system

Modelling of a power system with combined heat and power (CHP) is analysed from the point of view of a utility or public authority with responsibility for a large regional or national power grid, or an international organization with energy policy responsibilities. The examples of existing models that are most used and consolidated are short-period models used by utilities for weekly operation and long-term capacity planning. There are several examples of models at regional or national level that are used by national authorities or international organizations; these are typically annual models using a load duration concept to describe load variations. There are no examples of models in operation that integrate the urban infrastructure of hot water transmission mains and distribution grids and power system models.