TY - JOUR
T1 - Mixtures of environmentally relevant endocrine disrupting chemicals affect mammary gland development in female and male rats
AU - Mandrup, Karen Riiber
AU - Johansson, Hanna Katarina Lilith
AU - Boberg, Julie
AU - Pedersen, Anne S.
AU - Mortensen, Mette Sidsel
AU - Jørgensen, Jennifer Solgaard
AU - Vinggaard, Anne Marie
AU - Hass, Ulla
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - Estrogenic chemicals are able to alter mammary gland development in female rodents, but little is known on the effects of anti-androgens and mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with dissimilar modes of action. Pregnant rat dams were exposed during gestation and lactation to mixtures of environmentally relevant EDCs with estrogenic, anti-androgenic or dissimilar modes of action (TotalMix) of 100-, 200- or 450-fold high end human intake estimates. Mammary glands of prepubertal and adult female and male offspring were examined. Oestrogens increased mammary outgrowth in prepubertal females and the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which may be a potential biomarker for increased outgrowth. Mixtures of EDCs gave rise to ductal hyperplasia in adult males. Adult female mammary glands of the TotalMix group showed morphological changes possibly reflecting increased prolactin levels. In conclusion both estrogenic and anti-androgenic chemicals given during foetal life and lactation affected mammary glands in the offspring.
AB - Estrogenic chemicals are able to alter mammary gland development in female rodents, but little is known on the effects of anti-androgens and mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with dissimilar modes of action. Pregnant rat dams were exposed during gestation and lactation to mixtures of environmentally relevant EDCs with estrogenic, anti-androgenic or dissimilar modes of action (TotalMix) of 100-, 200- or 450-fold high end human intake estimates. Mammary glands of prepubertal and adult female and male offspring were examined. Oestrogens increased mammary outgrowth in prepubertal females and the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which may be a potential biomarker for increased outgrowth. Mixtures of EDCs gave rise to ductal hyperplasia in adult males. Adult female mammary glands of the TotalMix group showed morphological changes possibly reflecting increased prolactin levels. In conclusion both estrogenic and anti-androgenic chemicals given during foetal life and lactation affected mammary glands in the offspring.
KW - Endocrine disrupter
KW - Mammary gland
KW - Mix
KW - Oestrogens
KW - Anti-androgens
KW - Whole mount
KW - Histology
KW - Mmp
U2 - 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.016
DO - 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.016
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 25305543
SN - 0890-6238
VL - 54
SP - 47
EP - 57
JO - Reproductive Toxicology
JF - Reproductive Toxicology
ER -