Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities: Current status of measuring techniques and models

Minna Palmroth; Maxime Grandin; Theodoros Sarris; Eelco Doornbos; Stelios Tourgaidis; Anita Aikio; Stephan Buchert; Mark A. Clilverd; Iannis Dandouras; Roderick Heelis; Alex Hoffmann; Nickolay Ivchenko; Guram Kervalishvili; David J. Knudsen; Anna Kotova; Han Li Liu; David M. Malaspina; Gönther March; Aurélie Marchaudon; Octav Marghitu; Tomoko Matsuo; Wojciech J. Miloch; Therese Moretto-Jørgensen; Dimitris Mpaloukidis; Nils Olsen; Konstantinos Papadakis; Robert Pfaff; Panagiotis Pirnaris; Christian Siemes; Claudia Stolle; Jonas Suni; Jose Van Den Ijssel; Pekka T. Verronen; Pieter Visser; Masatoshi Yamauchi

doi:10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021

Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities: Current status of measuring techniques and models

Minna Palmroth^*, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Gönther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav MarghituTomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose Van Den Ijssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, Masatoshi Yamauchi

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

The lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) system consists of the upper atmosphere and the lower part of the ionosphere and as such comprises a complex system coupled to both the atmosphere below and space above. The atmospheric part of the LTI is dominated by laws of continuum fluid dynamics and chemistry, while the ionosphere is a plasma system controlled by electromagnetic forces driven by the magnetosphere, the solar wind, as well as the wind dynamo. The LTI is hence a domain controlled by many different physical processes. However, systematic in situ measurements within this region are severely lacking, although the LTI is located only 80 to 200 km above the surface of our planet. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measuring the LTI, either in situ or by several different remote-sensing methods. We begin by outlining the open questions within the LTI requiring high-quality in situ measurements, before reviewing directly observable parameters and their most important derivatives. The motivation for this review has arisen from the recent retention of the Daedalus mission as one among three competing mission candidates within the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 10 Programme. However, this paper intends to cover the LTI parameters such that it can be used as a background scientific reference for any mission targeting in situ observations of the LTI.

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Original language	English
Journal	Annales Geophysicae
Volume	39
Issue number	1
Pages (from-to)	189-237
ISSN	0992-7689
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021
Publication status	Published - 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Financial support. This research has been supported by the

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.

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Palmroth, M., Grandin, M., Sarris, T., Doornbos, E., Tourgaidis, S., Aikio, A., Buchert, S., Clilverd, M. A., Dandouras, I., Heelis, R., Hoffmann, A., Ivchenko, N., Kervalishvili, G., Knudsen, D. J., Kotova, A., Liu, H. L., Malaspina, D. M., March, G., Marchaudon, A., ... Yamauchi, M. (2021). Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities: Current status of measuring techniques and models. Annales Geophysicae, 39(1), 189-237. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021

@article{0373644782ea4d5eaa9e35a5591d411a,

title = "Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities: Current status of measuring techniques and models",

abstract = "The lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) system consists of the upper atmosphere and the lower part of the ionosphere and as such comprises a complex system coupled to both the atmosphere below and space above. The atmospheric part of the LTI is dominated by laws of continuum fluid dynamics and chemistry, while the ionosphere is a plasma system controlled by electromagnetic forces driven by the magnetosphere, the solar wind, as well as the wind dynamo. The LTI is hence a domain controlled by many different physical processes. However, systematic in situ measurements within this region are severely lacking, although the LTI is located only 80 to 200 km above the surface of our planet. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measuring the LTI, either in situ or by several different remote-sensing methods. We begin by outlining the open questions within the LTI requiring high-quality in situ measurements, before reviewing directly observable parameters and their most important derivatives. The motivation for this review has arisen from the recent retention of the Daedalus mission as one among three competing mission candidates within the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 10 Programme. However, this paper intends to cover the LTI parameters such that it can be used as a background scientific reference for any mission targeting in situ observations of the LTI..",

author = "Minna Palmroth and Maxime Grandin and Theodoros Sarris and Eelco Doornbos and Stelios Tourgaidis and Anita Aikio and Stephan Buchert and Clilverd, {Mark A.} and Iannis Dandouras and Roderick Heelis and Alex Hoffmann and Nickolay Ivchenko and Guram Kervalishvili and Knudsen, {David J.} and Anna Kotova and Liu, {Han Li} and Malaspina, {David M.} and G{\"o}nther March and Aur{\'e}lie Marchaudon and Octav Marghitu and Tomoko Matsuo and Miloch, {Wojciech J.} and Therese Moretto-J{\o}rgensen and Dimitris Mpaloukidis and Nils Olsen and Konstantinos Papadakis and Robert Pfaff and Panagiotis Pirnaris and Christian Siemes and Claudia Stolle and Jonas Suni and {Van Den Ijssel}, Jose and Verronen, {Pekka T.} and Pieter Visser and Masatoshi Yamauchi",

note = "Funding Information: Financial support. This research has been supported by the Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021",

language = "English",

volume = "39",

pages = "189--237",

journal = "Annales Geophysicae",

issn = "0992-7689",

publisher = "Copernicus GmbH",

number = "1",

}

Palmroth, M, Grandin, M, Sarris, T, Doornbos, E, Tourgaidis, S, Aikio, A, Buchert, S, Clilverd, MA, Dandouras, I, Heelis, R, Hoffmann, A, Ivchenko, N, Kervalishvili, G, Knudsen, DJ, Kotova, A, Liu, HL, Malaspina, DM, March, G, Marchaudon, A, Marghitu, O, Matsuo, T, Miloch, WJ, Moretto-Jørgensen, T, Mpaloukidis, D, Olsen, N, Papadakis, K, Pfaff, R, Pirnaris, P, Siemes, C, Stolle, C, Suni, J, Van Den Ijssel, J, Verronen, PT, Visser, P & Yamauchi, M 2021, 'Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities: Current status of measuring techniques and models', Annales Geophysicae, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 189-237. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021

TY - JOUR

T1 - Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities

T2 - Current status of measuring techniques and models

AU - Palmroth, Minna

AU - Grandin, Maxime

AU - Sarris, Theodoros

AU - Doornbos, Eelco

AU - Tourgaidis, Stelios

AU - Aikio, Anita

AU - Buchert, Stephan

AU - Clilverd, Mark A.

AU - Dandouras, Iannis

AU - Heelis, Roderick

AU - Hoffmann, Alex

AU - Ivchenko, Nickolay

AU - Kervalishvili, Guram

AU - Knudsen, David J.

AU - Kotova, Anna

AU - Liu, Han Li

AU - Malaspina, David M.

AU - March, Gönther

AU - Marchaudon, Aurélie

AU - Marghitu, Octav

AU - Matsuo, Tomoko

AU - Miloch, Wojciech J.

AU - Moretto-Jørgensen, Therese

AU - Mpaloukidis, Dimitris

AU - Olsen, Nils

AU - Papadakis, Konstantinos

AU - Pfaff, Robert

AU - Pirnaris, Panagiotis

AU - Siemes, Christian

AU - Stolle, Claudia

AU - Suni, Jonas

AU - Van Den Ijssel, Jose

AU - Verronen, Pekka T.

AU - Visser, Pieter

AU - Yamauchi, Masatoshi

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - The lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) system consists of the upper atmosphere and the lower part of the ionosphere and as such comprises a complex system coupled to both the atmosphere below and space above. The atmospheric part of the LTI is dominated by laws of continuum fluid dynamics and chemistry, while the ionosphere is a plasma system controlled by electromagnetic forces driven by the magnetosphere, the solar wind, as well as the wind dynamo. The LTI is hence a domain controlled by many different physical processes. However, systematic in situ measurements within this region are severely lacking, although the LTI is located only 80 to 200 km above the surface of our planet. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measuring the LTI, either in situ or by several different remote-sensing methods. We begin by outlining the open questions within the LTI requiring high-quality in situ measurements, before reviewing directly observable parameters and their most important derivatives. The motivation for this review has arisen from the recent retention of the Daedalus mission as one among three competing mission candidates within the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 10 Programme. However, this paper intends to cover the LTI parameters such that it can be used as a background scientific reference for any mission targeting in situ observations of the LTI..

AB - The lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) system consists of the upper atmosphere and the lower part of the ionosphere and as such comprises a complex system coupled to both the atmosphere below and space above. The atmospheric part of the LTI is dominated by laws of continuum fluid dynamics and chemistry, while the ionosphere is a plasma system controlled by electromagnetic forces driven by the magnetosphere, the solar wind, as well as the wind dynamo. The LTI is hence a domain controlled by many different physical processes. However, systematic in situ measurements within this region are severely lacking, although the LTI is located only 80 to 200 km above the surface of our planet. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measuring the LTI, either in situ or by several different remote-sensing methods. We begin by outlining the open questions within the LTI requiring high-quality in situ measurements, before reviewing directly observable parameters and their most important derivatives. The motivation for this review has arisen from the recent retention of the Daedalus mission as one among three competing mission candidates within the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 10 Programme. However, this paper intends to cover the LTI parameters such that it can be used as a background scientific reference for any mission targeting in situ observations of the LTI..

U2 - 10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021

DO - 10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85101604463

SN - 0992-7689

VL - 39

SP - 189

EP - 237

JO - Annales Geophysicae

JF - Annales Geophysicae

IS - 1

ER -

Lower-Thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities: Current status of measuring techniques and models

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