LLM4STP: A large language model-driven multi-feature fusion method for ship trajectory prediction

Ship trajectory prediction (STP) is a critical research focus for enhancing maritime traffic situational awareness and supporting navigational decision-making in intelligent transportation systems. The accuracy and robustness of prediction models significantly affect maritime safety and shipping efficiency. Despite advances driven by Automatic Identification System (AIS) data and deep learning techniques, key challenges remain unresolved, including dynamic multi-ship interaction modelling in complex marine environments, multi-scale temporal dependency reasoning, trajectory uncertainty quantification, and effective integration of maritime domain knowledge. Existing methods based on Large Language Models (LLMs) improve generalisation through pre-trained knowledge but fall short in real-time interaction topology modelling, geospatial semantic representation, and uncertainty estimation. To address these limitations, this paper proposes LLM4STP, a novel LLM-driven multi-feature fusion method for STP. LLM4STP establishes a new paradigm by deeply integrating LLMs with maritime domain knowledge to collaboratively predict ship trajectories. The model features an adaptive graph-masked Transformer to dynamically capture ship interaction topologies, hierarchical temporal reasoning to jointly model local manoeuvring behaviours and macroscopic navigational intent, and an innovative fusion of Gaussian probability distribution heatmaps with GeoHash-based geospatial encoding to quantify trajectory uncertainty while preserving semantic continuity.