Interaction between Genetic Predisposition to Adiposity and Dietary Protein in Relation to Subsequent Change in Body Weight and Waist Circumference

Background: Genetic predisposition to adiposity may interact with dietary protein in relation to changes of anthropometry.  Objective: To investigate the interaction between genetic predisposition to higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or waist-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHR_BMI) and dietary protein in relation to subsequent change in body weight (ΔBW) or change in WC (ΔWC).  Design: Three different Danish cohorts were used. In total 7,054 individuals constituted the study population with information on diet, 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMI, WC or WHR_BMI, as well as potential confounders. Mean follow-up time was similar to 5 years. Four genetic predisposition-scores were based on the SNPs; a complete-score including all selected adiposity-associated SNPs, and three scores including BMI, WC or WHR_BMI associated polymorphisms, respectively. The association between protein intake and ΔBW or ΔWC were examined and interactions between SNP-score and protein were investigated. Analyses were based on linear regressions using macronutrient substitution models and meta-analyses.Results: When protein replaced carbohydrate, meta-analyses showed no associations with ΔBW (41.0 gram/y/5 energy% protein, [95% CI: 232.3; 114.3]) or ΔWC (,20.1 mm/y/5 energy % protein, [21.1; 1.1]). Similarly, there were no interactions for any SNP-scores and protein for either ΔBW (complete SNP-score: 1.8 gram/y/5 energy% protein/risk allele, [27.0; 10.6]) or ΔWC (complete SNP-score: ,0.1 mm/y/5 energy% protein/risk allele, [20.1; 0.1]). Similar results were seen when protein replaced fat. Conclusion: This study indicates that the genetic predisposition to general and abdominal adiposity, assessed by genescores, does not seem to modulate the influence of dietary protein on ΔBW or ΔWC.