INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system

Erik Kuulkers; Carlo Ferrigno; Peter Kretschmar; Julia Alfonso-Garzón; Marius Baab; Angela Bazzano; Guillaume Bélanger; Ian Benson; Anthony J. Bird; Enrico Bozzo; Søren Brandt; Elliott Coe; Isabel Caballero; Floriane Cangemi; Jérôme Chenevez; Bradley Cenko; Nebil Cinar; Alexis Coleiro; Stefano De Padova; Roland Diehl; Claudia Dietze; Albert Domingo; Mark Drapes; Eleonora D’uva; Matthias Ehle; Jacobo Ebrero; Mithrajith Edirimanne; Natan A. Eismont; Timothy Finn; Mariateresa Fiocchi; Elena Garcia Tomas; Gianluca Gaudenzi; Thomas Godard; Andrea Goldwurm; Diego Götz; Christian Gouiffès; Sergei A. Grebenev; Jochen Greiner; Aleksandra Gros; Lorraine Hanlon; Wim Hermsen; Cristina Hernández; Margarita Hernanz; Jutta Huebner; Elisabeth Jourdain; Giovanni La Rosa; Claudio Labanti; Philippe Laurent; Alexander Lehanka; Niels Lund; James Madison; Julien Malzac; Jim Martin; J. Miguel Mas-Hesse; Brian McBreen; Alastair McDonald; Julie McEnery; Sandro Meregehtti; Lorenzo Natalucci; Jan-Uwe Ness; Carol Anne Oxborrow; John Palmer; Sibylle Peschke; Francesco Petrucciani; Norbert Pfeil; Michael Reichenbaecher; James Rodi; Jérôme Rodriguez; Jean-Pierre Roques; Emilio Salazar Doñate; Dave Salt; Celia Sánchez-Fernández; Aymeric Sauvageon; Volodymyr Savchenko; Sergey Yu. Sazonov; Stefano Scaglioni; Norbert Schartel; Thomas Siegert; Richard Southworth; Rashid A. Sunyaev; Liviu Toma; Pietro Ubertini; Ed P.J. van den Heuvel; Andreas von Kienlin; Nikolai von Krusenstiern; Christoph Winkler; Hajdas Wojciech; Ugo Zannoni

doi:10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629

INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system

Erik Kuulkers^*, Carlo Ferrigno, Peter Kretschmar, Julia Alfonso-Garzón, Marius Baab, Angela Bazzano, Guillaume Bélanger, Ian Benson, Anthony J. Bird, Enrico Bozzo, Søren Brandt, Elliott Coe, Isabel Caballero, Floriane Cangemi, Jérôme Chenevez, Bradley Cenko, Nebil Cinar, Alexis Coleiro, Stefano De Padova, Roland DiehlClaudia Dietze, Albert Domingo, Mark Drapes, Eleonora D’uva, Matthias Ehle, Jacobo Ebrero, Mithrajith Edirimanne, Natan A. Eismont, Timothy Finn, Mariateresa Fiocchi, Elena Garcia Tomas, Gianluca Gaudenzi, Thomas Godard, Andrea Goldwurm, Diego Götz, Christian Gouiffès, Sergei A. Grebenev, Jochen Greiner, Aleksandra Gros, Lorraine Hanlon, Wim Hermsen, Cristina Hernández, Margarita Hernanz, Jutta Huebner, Elisabeth Jourdain, Giovanni La Rosa, Claudio Labanti, Philippe Laurent, Alexander Lehanka, Niels Lund, James Madison, Julien Malzac, Jim Martin, J. Miguel Mas-Hesse, Brian McBreen, Alastair McDonald, Julie McEnery, Sandro Meregehtti, Lorenzo Natalucci, Jan-Uwe Ness, Carol Anne Oxborrow, John Palmer, Sibylle Peschke, Francesco Petrucciani, Norbert Pfeil, Michael Reichenbaecher, James Rodi, Jérôme Rodriguez, Jean-Pierre Roques, Emilio Salazar Doñate, Dave Salt, Celia Sánchez-Fernández, Aymeric Sauvageon, Volodymyr Savchenko, Sergey Yu. Sazonov, Stefano Scaglioni, Norbert Schartel, Thomas Siegert, Richard Southworth, Rashid A. Sunyaev, Liviu Toma, Pietro Ubertini, Ed P.J. van den Heuvel, Andreas von Kienlin, Nikolai von Krusenstiern, Christoph Winkler, Hajdas Wojciech, Ugo Zannoni

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

The European Space Agency’s INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (ESA/INTEGRAL) was launched aboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. Since then, INTEGRAL has been providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47hr, or 170ksec, per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (FOV, fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, as well as additional wavelength coverage at optical wavelengths. This is realized by two main instruments in the 15keV to 10MeV energy range, the spectrometer SPI (spectral resolution 3keV at 1.8MeV) and the imager IBIS (angular resolution: 12arcmin FWHM), complemented by X ray (JEM-X; 3–35keV) and optical (OMC; Johnson V-band) monitor instruments. All instruments are co-aligned to simultaneously observe the target region. A particle radiation monitor (IREM) measures charged particle fluxes near the spacecraft. The Anti-coincidence subsystems of the main instruments, built to reduce the background, are also very efficient all-sky γ-ray detectors, which provide virtually omni-directional monitoring above ∼75keV. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations on a large variety of sources. INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: The discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources; the first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radio-active decay lines from a Type Ia supernova; spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleo-synthesis sources; new insights on enigmatic positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and disk; and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL found the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron star merger. Up to now more than 1750 scientific papers based on INTEGRAL data have been published in refereed journals. In this paper, we will give a comprehensive update of the satellite status after more than 18 years of operations in a harsh space environment, and an account of the successful Ground Segment.

Original language	English
Article number	101629
Journal	New Astronomy Reviews
Volume	93
Number of pages	23
ISSN	1387-6473
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629
Publication status	Published - 2021

Keywords

Gamma-ray observatory
INTEGRAL
Gamma-ray instruments
Gamma-ray sources

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Kuulkers, E., Ferrigno, C., Kretschmar, P., Alfonso-Garzón, J., Baab, M., Bazzano, A., Bélanger, G., Benson, I., Bird, A. J., Bozzo, E., Brandt, S., Coe, E., Caballero, I., Cangemi, F., Chenevez, J., Cenko, B., Cinar, N., Coleiro, A., Padova, S. D., ... Zannoni, U. (2021). INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system. New Astronomy Reviews, 93, Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629

@article{59d58915bbbe47bbbb9364b31c4cf02c,

title = "INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system",

abstract = "The European Space Agency{\textquoteright}s INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (ESA/INTEGRAL) was launched aboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. Since then, INTEGRAL has been providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47hr, or 170ksec, per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (FOV, fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, as well as additional wavelength coverage at optical wavelengths. This is realized by two main instruments in the 15keV to 10MeV energy range, the spectrometer SPI (spectral resolution 3keV at 1.8MeV) and the imager IBIS (angular resolution: 12arcmin FWHM), complemented by X ray (JEM-X; 3–35keV) and optical (OMC; Johnson V-band) monitor instruments. All instruments are co-aligned to simultaneously observe the target region. A particle radiation monitor (IREM) measures charged particle fluxes near the spacecraft. The Anti-coincidence subsystems of the main instruments, built to reduce the background, are also very efficient all-sky γ-ray detectors, which provide virtually omni-directional monitoring above ∼75keV. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations on a large variety of sources. INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: The discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources; the first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radio-active decay lines from a Type Ia supernova; spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleo-synthesis sources; new insights on enigmatic positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and disk; and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL found the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron star merger. Up to now more than 1750 scientific papers based on INTEGRAL data have been published in refereed journals. In this paper, we will give a comprehensive update of the satellite status after more than 18 years of operations in a harsh space environment, and an account of the successful Ground Segment.",

keywords = "Gamma-ray observatory, INTEGRAL, Gamma-ray instruments, Gamma-ray sources",

author = "Erik Kuulkers and Carlo Ferrigno and Peter Kretschmar and Julia Alfonso-Garz{\'o}n and Marius Baab and Angela Bazzano and Guillaume B{\'e}langer and Ian Benson and Bird, {Anthony J.} and Enrico Bozzo and S{\o}ren Brandt and Elliott Coe and Isabel Caballero and Floriane Cangemi and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Chenevez and Bradley Cenko and Nebil Cinar and Alexis Coleiro and Padova, {Stefano De} and Roland Diehl and Claudia Dietze and Albert Domingo and Mark Drapes and Eleonora D{\textquoteright}uva and Matthias Ehle and Jacobo Ebrero and Mithrajith Edirimanne and Eismont, {Natan A.} and Timothy Finn and Mariateresa Fiocchi and Tomas, {Elena Garcia} and Gianluca Gaudenzi and Thomas Godard and Andrea Goldwurm and Diego G{\"o}tz and Christian Gouiff{\`e}s and Grebenev, {Sergei A.} and Jochen Greiner and Aleksandra Gros and Lorraine Hanlon and Wim Hermsen and Cristina Hern{\'a}ndez and Margarita Hernanz and Jutta Huebner and Elisabeth Jourdain and Rosa, {Giovanni La} and Claudio Labanti and Philippe Laurent and Alexander Lehanka and Niels Lund and James Madison and Julien Malzac and Jim Martin and Mas-Hesse, {J. Miguel} and Brian McBreen and Alastair McDonald and Julie McEnery and Sandro Meregehtti and Lorenzo Natalucci and Jan-Uwe Ness and Oxborrow, {Carol Anne} and John Palmer and Sibylle Peschke and Francesco Petrucciani and Norbert Pfeil and Michael Reichenbaecher and James Rodi and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Rodriguez and Jean-Pierre Roques and Do{\~n}ate, {Emilio Salazar} and Dave Salt and Celia S{\'a}nchez-Fern{\'a}ndez and Aymeric Sauvageon and Volodymyr Savchenko and Sazonov, {Sergey Yu.} and Stefano Scaglioni and Norbert Schartel and Thomas Siegert and Richard Southworth and Sunyaev, {Rashid A.} and Liviu Toma and Pietro Ubertini and Heuvel, {Ed P.J. van den} and Kienlin, {Andreas von} and Krusenstiern, {Nikolai von} and Christoph Winkler and Hajdas Wojciech and Ugo Zannoni",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629",

language = "English",

volume = "93",

journal = "New Astronomy Reviews",

issn = "1387-6473",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

Kuulkers, E, Ferrigno, C, Kretschmar, P, Alfonso-Garzón, J, Baab, M, Bazzano, A, Bélanger, G, Benson, I, Bird, AJ, Bozzo, E, Brandt, S, Coe, E, Caballero, I, Cangemi, F, Chenevez, J, Cenko, B, Cinar, N, Coleiro, A, Padova, SD, Diehl, R, Dietze, C, Domingo, A, Drapes, M, D’uva, E, Ehle, M, Ebrero, J, Edirimanne, M, Eismont, NA, Finn, T, Fiocchi, M, Tomas, EG, Gaudenzi, G, Godard, T, Goldwurm, A, Götz, D, Gouiffès, C, Grebenev, SA, Greiner, J, Gros, A, Hanlon, L, Hermsen, W, Hernández, C, Hernanz, M, Huebner, J, Jourdain, E, Rosa, GL, Labanti, C, Laurent, P, Lehanka, A, Lund, N, Madison, J, Malzac, J, Martin, J, Mas-Hesse, JM, McBreen, B, McDonald, A, McEnery, J, Meregehtti, S, Natalucci, L, Ness, J-U, Oxborrow, CA, Palmer, J, Peschke, S, Petrucciani, F, Pfeil, N, Reichenbaecher, M, Rodi, J, Rodriguez, J, Roques, J-P, Doñate, ES, Salt, D, Sánchez-Fernández, C, Sauvageon, A, Savchenko, V, Sazonov, SY, Scaglioni, S, Schartel, N, Siegert, T, Southworth, R, Sunyaev, RA, Toma, L, Ubertini, P, Heuvel, EPJVD, Kienlin, AV, Krusenstiern, NV, Winkler, C, Wojciech, H & Zannoni, U 2021, 'INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system', New Astronomy Reviews, vol. 93, 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629

TY - JOUR

T1 - INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system

AU - Kuulkers, Erik

AU - Ferrigno, Carlo

AU - Kretschmar, Peter

AU - Alfonso-Garzón, Julia

AU - Baab, Marius

AU - Bazzano, Angela

AU - Bélanger, Guillaume

AU - Benson, Ian

AU - Bird, Anthony J.

AU - Bozzo, Enrico

AU - Brandt, Søren

AU - Coe, Elliott

AU - Caballero, Isabel

AU - Cangemi, Floriane

AU - Chenevez, Jérôme

AU - Cenko, Bradley

AU - Cinar, Nebil

AU - Coleiro, Alexis

AU - Padova, Stefano De

AU - Diehl, Roland

AU - Dietze, Claudia

AU - Domingo, Albert

AU - Drapes, Mark

AU - D’uva, Eleonora

AU - Ehle, Matthias

AU - Ebrero, Jacobo

AU - Edirimanne, Mithrajith

AU - Eismont, Natan A.

AU - Finn, Timothy

AU - Fiocchi, Mariateresa

AU - Tomas, Elena Garcia

AU - Gaudenzi, Gianluca

AU - Godard, Thomas

AU - Goldwurm, Andrea

AU - Götz, Diego

AU - Gouiffès, Christian

AU - Grebenev, Sergei A.

AU - Greiner, Jochen

AU - Gros, Aleksandra

AU - Hanlon, Lorraine

AU - Hermsen, Wim

AU - Hernández, Cristina

AU - Hernanz, Margarita

AU - Huebner, Jutta

AU - Jourdain, Elisabeth

AU - Rosa, Giovanni La

AU - Labanti, Claudio

AU - Laurent, Philippe

AU - Lehanka, Alexander

AU - Lund, Niels

AU - Madison, James

AU - Malzac, Julien

AU - Martin, Jim

AU - Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel

AU - McBreen, Brian

AU - McDonald, Alastair

AU - McEnery, Julie

AU - Meregehtti, Sandro

AU - Natalucci, Lorenzo

AU - Ness, Jan-Uwe

AU - Oxborrow, Carol Anne

AU - Palmer, John

AU - Peschke, Sibylle

AU - Petrucciani, Francesco

AU - Pfeil, Norbert

AU - Reichenbaecher, Michael

AU - Rodi, James

AU - Rodriguez, Jérôme

AU - Roques, Jean-Pierre

AU - Doñate, Emilio Salazar

AU - Salt, Dave

AU - Sánchez-Fernández, Celia

AU - Sauvageon, Aymeric

AU - Savchenko, Volodymyr

AU - Sazonov, Sergey Yu.

AU - Scaglioni, Stefano

AU - Schartel, Norbert

AU - Siegert, Thomas

AU - Southworth, Richard

AU - Sunyaev, Rashid A.

AU - Toma, Liviu

AU - Ubertini, Pietro

AU - Heuvel, Ed P.J. van den

AU - Kienlin, Andreas von

AU - Krusenstiern, Nikolai von

AU - Winkler, Christoph

AU - Wojciech, Hajdas

AU - Zannoni, Ugo

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - The European Space Agency’s INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (ESA/INTEGRAL) was launched aboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. Since then, INTEGRAL has been providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47hr, or 170ksec, per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (FOV, fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, as well as additional wavelength coverage at optical wavelengths. This is realized by two main instruments in the 15keV to 10MeV energy range, the spectrometer SPI (spectral resolution 3keV at 1.8MeV) and the imager IBIS (angular resolution: 12arcmin FWHM), complemented by X ray (JEM-X; 3–35keV) and optical (OMC; Johnson V-band) monitor instruments. All instruments are co-aligned to simultaneously observe the target region. A particle radiation monitor (IREM) measures charged particle fluxes near the spacecraft. The Anti-coincidence subsystems of the main instruments, built to reduce the background, are also very efficient all-sky γ-ray detectors, which provide virtually omni-directional monitoring above ∼75keV. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations on a large variety of sources. INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: The discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources; the first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radio-active decay lines from a Type Ia supernova; spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleo-synthesis sources; new insights on enigmatic positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and disk; and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL found the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron star merger. Up to now more than 1750 scientific papers based on INTEGRAL data have been published in refereed journals. In this paper, we will give a comprehensive update of the satellite status after more than 18 years of operations in a harsh space environment, and an account of the successful Ground Segment.

AB - The European Space Agency’s INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (ESA/INTEGRAL) was launched aboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. Since then, INTEGRAL has been providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47hr, or 170ksec, per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (FOV, fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, as well as additional wavelength coverage at optical wavelengths. This is realized by two main instruments in the 15keV to 10MeV energy range, the spectrometer SPI (spectral resolution 3keV at 1.8MeV) and the imager IBIS (angular resolution: 12arcmin FWHM), complemented by X ray (JEM-X; 3–35keV) and optical (OMC; Johnson V-band) monitor instruments. All instruments are co-aligned to simultaneously observe the target region. A particle radiation monitor (IREM) measures charged particle fluxes near the spacecraft. The Anti-coincidence subsystems of the main instruments, built to reduce the background, are also very efficient all-sky γ-ray detectors, which provide virtually omni-directional monitoring above ∼75keV. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations on a large variety of sources. INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: The discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources; the first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radio-active decay lines from a Type Ia supernova; spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleo-synthesis sources; new insights on enigmatic positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and disk; and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL found the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron star merger. Up to now more than 1750 scientific papers based on INTEGRAL data have been published in refereed journals. In this paper, we will give a comprehensive update of the satellite status after more than 18 years of operations in a harsh space environment, and an account of the successful Ground Segment.

KW - Gamma-ray observatory

KW - INTEGRAL

KW - Gamma-ray instruments

KW - Gamma-ray sources

U2 - 10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629

DO - 10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629

M3 - Journal article

SN - 1387-6473

VL - 93

JO - New Astronomy Reviews

JF - New Astronomy Reviews

M1 - 101629

ER -

INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system

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