Induction and manipulation of biomolecular condensates through spatially heterogeneous solution conditions

The study of biomolecular condensates (BMCs) is of great current interest because of the proposed roles of these types of assemblies in biological function and disease. In living cells, BMCs form in a highly heterogeneous environment and are influenced by concentration gradients of various relevant species. Furthermore, the biological functionality of the BMCs requires precise spatial control of their formation in some cases. In recent years, a number of in vitro experimental approaches have emerged that allow the generation, study and manipulation of BMCs through the creation of well-defined spatially heterogeneous solution conditions relevant for BMC formation. In this Concept article I will present in what way such methods can contribute to improved understanding and control of BMCs.