Improved Trailing Edge Noise Model

The modeling of the surface pressure spectrum under a turbulent boundary layer is investigated in the presence of an adverse pressure gradient along the flow direction. It is shown that discrepancies between measurements and results from a well-known model increase as the pressure gradient increases. This model is modified by introducing anisotropy in the definition of the vertical velocity component spectrum across the boundary layer. The degree of anisotropy is directly related to the strength of the pressure gradient. It is shown that by appropriately normalizing the pressure gradient and by tuning the anisotropy factor, experimental results can be closely reproduced by the modified model. In this section, the original TNO-Blake model is modified in order to account for the effects of a pressure gradient through turbulence anisotropy. The model results are compared with measurements of the surface pressure fluctuations on an airfoil section.