Impact of Large-Scale EV Integration and Fast Chargers in a Norwegian LV Grid

Norway has implemented economic incentives over several years to encourage a transition from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs), and now has the largest share of EVs per capita in the world. This study explores the effects of increasing EV penetration levels in a Norwegian distribution grid, by using real power
measurements obtained from household smart meters in load flow analyses, using the MATPOWER load flow package in MATLAB. The implications of installing a fast
charger in the grid has been assessed, and an optimal location for it is proposed, aiming at minimizing both grid losses and voltage deviations. Moreover, the potential for reactive power injection to reduce the voltage deviations caused by it has been investigated. Results show that the EV hosting capacity of the grid is good for a majority of the end-users, but that the weakest power cable would be overloaded at a 20 % EV penetration level. The network tolerated an EV penetration of 50 % with regards to the voltage levels at all end-users. Injecting reactive power at the location of an installed fast charger proved to significantly reduce the largest voltage deviations otherwise imposed by the charger.