Impact of 3D/4D methods on the understanding of recrystallization

In this paper, we discuss the impact that non-destructive 3D (x,y,z) and 4D (x,y,z,time) X-ray experimental methods have had on the understanding of recrystallization of deformed metals. Well-planned experiments on nucleation and grain boundary migration are reviewed with focus on information gained, which could not have been obtained by traditional 2D or destructive 3D methods. It has also been found that the 3D/4D X-ray measurements sometimes happen to reveal phenomena, which were not expected and therefore not planned to investigate. Examples of this are also reviewed here. Finally, the implications of the new findings for modelling of recrystallization are discussed, key experiments for the future are suggested and the needs for technique advancements are summarized, all seen from the recrystallization perspective.