In vitro bioaccessibility of vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones) in food and supplements assessed by INFOGEST 2.0 – vit K

Vitamin K describes a group of fat-soluble vitamers namely phylloquinone and menaquinones. The growing evidence for vitamin K's role beyond blood coagulation, and the possible differences between the vitamers are emerging. Knowledge of the content of menaquinones in different food matrixes and the potential differences in bioaccessibility between the vitamin K vitamers and food matrixes are limited. In this study, the bioaccessibility was assessed using the INFOGEST 2.0 static in vitro digestion model optimised by including a Danish standard meal. The presence of the standard meal was crucial to obtaining a robust and stable digestion model. The bioaccessibility of the Danish standard meal, water, vitamin K standards, vitamin K supplements, broccoli, spinach, natto, pasteurised whole egg and canola oil was assessed by three replications. The bioaccessibility was in the range 30%–102%. The lowest bioaccessibility was observed in broccoli while the highest bioaccessibility was found in egg and canola oil. No competition in the bioaccessibility between vitamin K vitamers and vitamin D was observed.