Euclid: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

J. C. Cuillandre; M. Bolzonella; A. Boselli; F. R. Marleau; M. Mondelin; J. G. Sorce; C. Stone; F. Buitrago; Michele Cantiello; K. George; N. A. Hatch; L. Quilley; F. Mannucci; T. Saifollahi; R. Sánchez-Janssen; F. Tarsitano; C. Tortora; X. Xu; H. Bouy; M. Kluge; A. Lançon; R. Laureijs; M. Schirmer; Abdurro’uf; P. Awad; M. Baes; F. Bournaud; S. Gwyn; D. Carollo; S. Codis; C. J. Conselice; V. De Lapparent; P. A. Duc; A. Ferré-Mateu; W. Gillard; J. B. Golden-Marx; P. Jablonka; R. Habas; L. K. Hunt; S. Mei; M. A. Miville-Deschênes; M. Montes; A. Nersesian; R. F. Peletier; M. Poulain; R. Scaramella; M. Scialpi; E. Sola; J. Stephan; L. Ulivi; M. Urbano; R. Zöller; N. Aghanim; B. Altieri; A. Amara; S. Andreon; N. Auricchio; M. Baldi; A. Balestra; S. Bardelli; R. Bender; A. Biviano; C. Bodendorf; D. Bonino; E. Branchini; M. Brescia; J. Brinchmann; S. Camera; V. Capobianco; C. Carbone; J. Carretero; S. Casas; F. J. Castander; M. Castellano; G. Castignani; S. Cavuoti; A. Cimatti; G. Congedo; L. Conversi; Y. Copin; F. Courbin; H. M. Courtois; M. Cropper; A. Da Silva; H. Degaudenzi; G. De Lucia; A. M. Di Giorgio; J. Dinis; M. Douspis; F. Dubath; C. A.J. Duncan; X. Dupac; S. Dusini; M. Farina; S. Farrens; S. Ferriol; S. Fotopoulou; M. Frailis; E. Franceschi; S. Galeotta; B. Gillis; C. Giocoli; P. Gómez-Alvarez; A. Grazian; F. Grupp; L. Guzzo; S. V.H. Haugan; J. Hoar; H. Hoekstra; W. Holmes; I. Hook; F. Hormuth; A. Hornstrup; P. Hudelot; K. Jahnke; M. Jhabvala; E. Keihänen; S. Kermiche; A. Kiessling; M. Kilbinger; T. Kitching; R. Kohley; B. Kubik; K. Kuijken; M. Kümmel; M. Kunz; H. Kurki-Suonio; O. Lahav; D. Le Mignant; S. Ligori; P. B. Lilje; V. Lindholm; I. Lloro; D. Maino; E. Maiorano; O. Mansutti; O. Marggraf; K. Markovic; N. Martinet; F. Marulli; R. Massey; S. Maurogordato; H. J. McCracken; E. Medinaceli; M. Melchior; Y. Mellier; M. Meneghetti; E. Merlin; G. Meylan; J. J. Mohr; A. Mora; M. Moresco; L. Moscardini; R. Nakajima; R. C. Nichol; S. M. Niemi; C. Padilla; S. Paltani; F. Pasian; K. Pedersen; W. J. Percival; V. Pettorino; S. Pires; G. Polenta; M. Poncet; L. A. Popa; L. Pozzetti; F. Raison; A. Renzi; J. Rhodes; G. Riccio; E. Romelli; M. Roncarelli; R. Saglia; D. Sapone; P. Schneider; T. Schrabback; A. Secroun; G. Seidel; S. Serrano; P. Simon; C. Sirignano; G. Sirri; J. Skottfelt; L. Stanco; P. Tallada-Crespí; A. N. Taylor; H. I. Teplitz; I. Tereno; R. Toledo-Moreo; I. Tutusaus; E. A. Valentijn; L. Valenziano; T. Vassallo; G. Verdoes Kleijn; Y. Wang; J. Weller; E. Zucca; C. Burigana; V. Scottez; J. Martín-Fleitas; D. Scott

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450808

Euclid: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

J. C. Cuillandre^*
, M. Bolzonella
, A. Boselli
, F. R. Marleau
, M. Mondelin
, J. G. Sorce
, C. Stone
, F. Buitrago
, Michele Cantiello
, K. George
, N. A. Hatch
, L. Quilley
, F. Mannucci
, T. Saifollahi
, R. Sánchez-Janssen
, F. Tarsitano
, C. Tortora
, X. Xu
, H. Bouy
, M. Kluge

A. Lançon, R. Laureijs, M. Schirmer, Abdurro’uf, P. Awad, M. Baes, F. Bournaud, S. Gwyn, D. Carollo, S. Codis, C. J. Conselice, V. De Lapparent, P. A. Duc, A. Ferré-Mateu, W. Gillard, J. B. Golden-Marx, P. Jablonka, R. Habas, L. K. Hunt, S. Mei, M. A. Miville-Deschênes, M. Montes, A. Nersesian, R. F. Peletier, M. Poulain, R. Scaramella, M. Scialpi, E. Sola, J. Stephan, L. Ulivi, M. Urbano, R. Zöller, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, R. Bender, A. Biviano, C. Bodendorf, D. Bonino, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, F. J. Castander, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, A. Cimatti, G. Congedo, L. Conversi, Y. Copin, F. Courbin, H. M. Courtois, M. Cropper, A. Da Silva, H. Degaudenzi, G. De Lucia, A. M. Di Giorgio, J. Dinis, M. Douspis, F. Dubath, C. A.J. Duncan, X. Dupac, S. Dusini, M. Farina, S. Farrens, S. Ferriol, S. Fotopoulou, M. Frailis, E. Franceschi, S. Galeotta, B. Gillis, C. Giocoli, P. Gómez-Alvarez, A. Grazian, F. Grupp, L. Guzzo, S. V.H. Haugan, J. Hoar, H. Hoekstra, W. Holmes, I. Hook, F. Hormuth, A. Hornstrup, P. Hudelot, K. Jahnke, M. Jhabvala, E. Keihänen, S. Kermiche, A. Kiessling, M. Kilbinger, T. Kitching, R. Kohley, B. Kubik, K. Kuijken, M. Kümmel, M. Kunz, H. Kurki-Suonio, O. Lahav, D. Le Mignant, S. Ligori, P. B. Lilje, V. Lindholm, I. Lloro, D. Maino, E. Maiorano, O. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, K. Markovic, N. Martinet, F. Marulli, R. Massey, S. Maurogordato, H. J. McCracken, E. Medinaceli, M. Melchior, Y. Mellier, M. Meneghetti, E. Merlin, G. Meylan, J. J. Mohr, A. Mora, M. Moresco, L. Moscardini, R. Nakajima, R. C. Nichol, S. M. Niemi, C. Padilla, S. Paltani, F. Pasian, K. Pedersen, W. J. Percival, V. Pettorino, S. Pires, G. Polenta, M. Poncet, L. A. Popa, L. Pozzetti, F. Raison, A. Renzi, J. Rhodes, G. Riccio, E. Romelli, M. Roncarelli, R. Saglia, D. Sapone, P. Schneider, T. Schrabback, A. Secroun, G. Seidel, S. Serrano, P. Simon, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, J. Skottfelt, L. Stanco, P. Tallada-Crespí, A. N. Taylor, H. I. Teplitz, I. Tereno, R. Toledo-Moreo, I. Tutusaus, E. A. Valentijn, L. Valenziano, T. Vassallo, G. Verdoes Kleijn, Y. Wang, J. Weller, E. Zucca, C. Burigana, V. Scottez, J. Martín-Fleitas, D. Scott

^*Corresponding author for this work

Université Paris-Saclay
Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Bologna
CNRS
University of Innsbruck
Université Paris-Sud
University of Montreal
University of Valladolid
National Institute for Astrophysics
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
University of Nottingham
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Osservatorio Astrofisico Di Arcetri, Florence
Université de Strasbourg
Royal Observatory
University of Geneva
Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
University of Groningen
IDEX Bordeaux
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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Johns Hopkins University
Ghent University
National Research Council of Canada
Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
University of Manchester
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris
University of La Laguna
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
Université Paris 7
University of Liege
University of Oulu
Osservatorio Astronomico Roma
University of Trento
University of Cambridge
University of Florence
European Space Astronomy Centre
University of Surrey
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University of Bologna
Astronomical Observatory of Padua
University of Trieste
University of Genoa
University of Naples Federico II
University of Porto
University of Turin
CIEMAT
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Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia
University of Edinburgh
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University College London
University of Lisbon
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
University of Bristol
University of Milan
University of Oslo
Leiden University
California Institute of Technology
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Felix Hormuth Engineering
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
University of Helsinki
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
University of Bonn
Durham University
Université Côte d'Azur
University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland
European Space Agency - ESA
Institute for High Energy Physics
Aarhus University
University of Waterloo
Italian Space Agency
Centre national d'études spatiales
Institute of Space Science
University of Padua
Universidad de Chile
Open University Milton Keynes
Port d’Informació Científica
Technical University of Cartagena
Université de Toulouse
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University of British Columbia

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Abstract

The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 deg², including the cluster core up to 0.25 r₂₀₀. The dataset reaches a point-source depth of I_E = 28.0 (Y_E, J_E, H_E = 25.3), AB magnitudes at 5 σ with a 0′′.16 (0′′.48) full width at half maximum (FWHM), and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag arcsec⁻² for radially integrated galaxy profiles. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright galaxies and low surface brightness ones, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Cluster membership was determined using several methods in order to maximise the completeness and minimise the contamination of foreground and background sources. We adopted a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper, that includes their photometric and structural properties. We identified all other sources in the Euclid images and obtained accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 137 bright cluster galaxies and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations, which are summarised here. We derived the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid I_E band thanks to supplementary u, g, r, i, z, and Hα data from the Canada-France-Hawai’i Telescope (CFHT). Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. We fit the LF and SMF with a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(I_E) ≃ −19 and a faint-end slope of α_S ≃ −1.2 to −1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of α_S ≃ −1.2 to −1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution.

Original language	English
Article number	A11
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	697
Number of pages	45
ISSN	0004-6361
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450808
Publication status	Published - 2025

Keywords

Galaxies: clusters: individual: Perseus
Galaxies: fundamental parameters
Galaxies: luminosity function
Mass function

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Cuillandre, J. C., Bolzonella, M., Boselli, A., Marleau, F. R., Mondelin, M., Sorce, J. G., Stone, C., Buitrago, F., Cantiello, M., George, K., Hatch, N. A., Quilley, L., Mannucci, F., Saifollahi, T., Sánchez-Janssen, R., Tarsitano, F., Tortora, C., Xu, X., Bouy, H., ... Scott, D. (2025). Euclid: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 697, Article A11. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450808

@article{f2859f6c232d4f88849eb6e410152cca,

title = "Euclid: Early Release Observations {\textendash} Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions",

abstract = "The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 deg2, including the cluster core up to 0.25 r200. The dataset reaches a point-source depth of IE = 28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3), AB magnitudes at 5 σ with a 0′′.16 (0′′.48) full width at half maximum (FWHM), and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag arcsec−2 for radially integrated galaxy profiles. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright galaxies and low surface brightness ones, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Cluster membership was determined using several methods in order to maximise the completeness and minimise the contamination of foreground and background sources. We adopted a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper, that includes their photometric and structural properties. We identified all other sources in the Euclid images and obtained accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 137 bright cluster galaxies and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations, which are summarised here. We derived the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid IE band thanks to supplementary u, g, r, i, z, and Hα data from the Canada-France-Hawai{\textquoteright}i Telescope (CFHT). Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. We fit the LF and SMF with a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(IE) ≃ −19 and a faint-end slope of αS ≃ −1.2 to −1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of αS ≃ −1.2 to −1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution. ",

keywords = "Galaxies: clusters: individual: Perseus, Galaxies: fundamental parameters, Galaxies: luminosity function, Mass function",

author = "Cuillandre, \{J. C.\} and M. Bolzonella and A. Boselli and Marleau, \{F. R.\} and M. Mondelin and Sorce, \{J. G.\} and C. Stone and F. Buitrago and Michele Cantiello and K. George and Hatch, \{N. A.\} and L. Quilley and F. Mannucci and T. Saifollahi and R. S{\'a}nchez-Janssen and F. Tarsitano and C. Tortora and X. Xu and H. Bouy and M. Kluge and A. Lan{\c c}on and R. Laureijs and M. Schirmer and Abdurro{\textquoteright}uf and P. Awad and M. Baes and F. Bournaud and S. Gwyn and D. Carollo and S. Codis and Conselice, \{C. J.\} and \{De Lapparent\}, V. and Duc, \{P. A.\} and A. Ferr{\'e}-Mateu and W. Gillard and Golden-Marx, \{J. B.\} and P. Jablonka and R. Habas and Hunt, \{L. K.\} and S. Mei and Miville-Desch{\^e}nes, \{M. A.\} and M. Montes and A. Nersesian and Peletier, \{R. F.\} and M. Poulain and R. Scaramella and M. Scialpi and E. Sola and J. Stephan and L. Ulivi and M. Urbano and R. Z{\"o}ller and N. Aghanim and B. Altieri and A. Amara and S. Andreon and N. Auricchio and M. Baldi and A. Balestra and S. Bardelli and R. Bender and A. Biviano and C. Bodendorf and D. Bonino and E. Branchini and M. Brescia and J. Brinchmann and S. Camera and V. Capobianco and C. Carbone and J. Carretero and S. Casas and Castander, \{F. J.\} and M. Castellano and G. Castignani and S. Cavuoti and A. Cimatti and G. Congedo and L. Conversi and Y. Copin and F. Courbin and Courtois, \{H. M.\} and M. Cropper and \{Da Silva\}, A. and H. Degaudenzi and \{De Lucia\}, G. and \{Di Giorgio\}, \{A. M.\} and J. Dinis and M. Douspis and F. Dubath and Duncan, \{C. A.J.\} and X. Dupac and S. Dusini and M. Farina and S. Farrens and S. Ferriol and S. Fotopoulou and M. Frailis and E. Franceschi and S. Galeotta and B. Gillis and C. Giocoli and P. G{\'o}mez-Alvarez and A. Grazian and F. Grupp and L. Guzzo and Haugan, \{S. V.H.\} and J. Hoar and H. Hoekstra and W. Holmes and I. Hook and F. Hormuth and A. Hornstrup and P. Hudelot and K. Jahnke and M. Jhabvala and E. Keih{\"a}nen and S. Kermiche and A. Kiessling and M. Kilbinger and T. Kitching and R. Kohley and B. Kubik and K. Kuijken and M. K{\"u}mmel and M. Kunz and H. Kurki-Suonio and O. Lahav and \{Le Mignant\}, D. and S. Ligori and Lilje, \{P. B.\} and V. Lindholm and I. Lloro and D. Maino and E. Maiorano and O. Mansutti and O. Marggraf and K. Markovic and N. Martinet and F. Marulli and R. Massey and S. Maurogordato and McCracken, \{H. J.\} and E. Medinaceli and M. Melchior and Y. Mellier and M. Meneghetti and E. Merlin and G. Meylan and Mohr, \{J. J.\} and A. Mora and M. Moresco and L. Moscardini and R. Nakajima and Nichol, \{R. C.\} and Niemi, \{S. M.\} and C. Padilla and S. Paltani and F. Pasian and K. Pedersen and Percival, \{W. J.\} and V. Pettorino and S. Pires and G. Polenta and M. Poncet and Popa, \{L. A.\} and L. Pozzetti and F. Raison and A. Renzi and J. Rhodes and G. Riccio and E. Romelli and M. Roncarelli and R. Saglia and D. Sapone and P. Schneider and T. Schrabback and A. Secroun and G. Seidel and S. Serrano and P. Simon and C. Sirignano and G. Sirri and J. Skottfelt and L. Stanco and P. Tallada-Cresp{\'i} and Taylor, \{A. N.\} and Teplitz, \{H. I.\} and I. Tereno and R. Toledo-Moreo and I. Tutusaus and Valentijn, \{E. A.\} and L. Valenziano and T. Vassallo and Kleijn, \{G. Verdoes\} and Y. Wang and J. Weller and E. Zucca and C. Burigana and V. Scottez and J. Mart{\'i}n-Fleitas and D. Scott",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Authors 2025.",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202450808",

language = "English",

volume = "697",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP Sciences",

}

Cuillandre, JC, Bolzonella, M, Boselli, A, Marleau, FR, Mondelin, M, Sorce, JG, Stone, C, Buitrago, F, Cantiello, M, George, K, Hatch, NA, Quilley, L, Mannucci, F, Saifollahi, T, Sánchez-Janssen, R, Tarsitano, F, Tortora, C, Xu, X, Bouy, H, Kluge, M, Lançon, A, Laureijs, R, Schirmer, M, Abdurro’uf, Awad, P, Baes, M, Bournaud, F, Gwyn, S, Carollo, D, Codis, S, Conselice, CJ, De Lapparent, V, Duc, PA, Ferré-Mateu, A, Gillard, W, Golden-Marx, JB, Jablonka, P, Habas, R, Hunt, LK, Mei, S, Miville-Deschênes, MA, Montes, M, Nersesian, A, Peletier, RF, Poulain, M, Scaramella, R, Scialpi, M, Sola, E, Stephan, J, Ulivi, L, Urbano, M, Zöller, R, Aghanim, N, Altieri, B, Amara, A, Andreon, S, Auricchio, N, Baldi, M, Balestra, A, Bardelli, S, Bender, R, Biviano, A, Bodendorf, C, Bonino, D, Branchini, E, Brescia, M, Brinchmann, J, Camera, S, Capobianco, V, Carbone, C, Carretero, J, Casas, S, Castander, FJ, Castellano, M, Castignani, G, Cavuoti, S, Cimatti, A, Congedo, G, Conversi, L, Copin, Y, Courbin, F, Courtois, HM, Cropper, M, Da Silva, A, Degaudenzi, H, De Lucia, G, Di Giorgio, AM, Dinis, J, Douspis, M, Dubath, F, Duncan, CAJ, Dupac, X, Dusini, S, Farina, M, Farrens, S, Ferriol, S, Fotopoulou, S, Frailis, M, Franceschi, E, Galeotta, S, Gillis, B, Giocoli, C, Gómez-Alvarez, P, Grazian, A, Grupp, F, Guzzo, L, Haugan, SVH, Hoar, J, Hoekstra, H, Holmes, W, Hook, I, Hormuth, F, Hornstrup, A, Hudelot, P, Jahnke, K, Jhabvala, M, Keihänen, E, Kermiche, S, Kiessling, A, Kilbinger, M, Kitching, T, Kohley, R, Kubik, B, Kuijken, K, Kümmel, M, Kunz, M, Kurki-Suonio, H, Lahav, O, Le Mignant, D, Ligori, S, Lilje, PB, Lindholm, V, Lloro, I, Maino, D, Maiorano, E, Mansutti, O, Marggraf, O, Markovic, K, Martinet, N, Marulli, F, Massey, R, Maurogordato, S, McCracken, HJ, Medinaceli, E, Melchior, M, Mellier, Y, Meneghetti, M, Merlin, E, Meylan, G, Mohr, JJ, Mora, A, Moresco, M, Moscardini, L, Nakajima, R, Nichol, RC, Niemi, SM, Padilla, C, Paltani, S, Pasian, F, Pedersen, K, Percival, WJ, Pettorino, V, Pires, S, Polenta, G, Poncet, M, Popa, LA, Pozzetti, L, Raison, F, Renzi, A, Rhodes, J, Riccio, G, Romelli, E, Roncarelli, M, Saglia, R, Sapone, D, Schneider, P, Schrabback, T, Secroun, A, Seidel, G, Serrano, S, Simon, P, Sirignano, C, Sirri, G, Skottfelt, J, Stanco, L, Tallada-Crespí, P, Taylor, AN, Teplitz, HI, Tereno, I, Toledo-Moreo, R, Tutusaus, I, Valentijn, EA, Valenziano, L, Vassallo, T, Kleijn, GV, Wang, Y, Weller, J, Zucca, E, Burigana, C, Scottez, V, Martín-Fleitas, J & Scott, D 2025, 'Euclid: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 697, A11. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450808

TY - JOUR

T1 - Euclid: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

AU - Cuillandre, J. C.

AU - Bolzonella, M.

AU - Boselli, A.

AU - Marleau, F. R.

AU - Mondelin, M.

AU - Sorce, J. G.

AU - Stone, C.

AU - Buitrago, F.

AU - Cantiello, Michele

AU - George, K.

AU - Hatch, N. A.

AU - Quilley, L.

AU - Mannucci, F.

AU - Saifollahi, T.

AU - Sánchez-Janssen, R.

AU - Tarsitano, F.

AU - Tortora, C.

AU - Xu, X.

AU - Bouy, H.

AU - Kluge, M.

AU - Lançon, A.

AU - Laureijs, R.

AU - Schirmer, M.

AU - Abdurro’uf,

AU - Awad, P.

AU - Baes, M.

AU - Bournaud, F.

AU - Gwyn, S.

AU - Carollo, D.

AU - Codis, S.

AU - Conselice, C. J.

AU - De Lapparent, V.

AU - Duc, P. A.

AU - Ferré-Mateu, A.

AU - Gillard, W.

AU - Golden-Marx, J. B.

AU - Jablonka, P.

AU - Habas, R.

AU - Hunt, L. K.

AU - Mei, S.

AU - Miville-Deschênes, M. A.

AU - Montes, M.

AU - Nersesian, A.

AU - Peletier, R. F.

AU - Poulain, M.

AU - Scaramella, R.

AU - Scialpi, M.

AU - Sola, E.

AU - Stephan, J.

AU - Ulivi, L.

AU - Urbano, M.

AU - Zöller, R.

AU - Aghanim, N.

AU - Altieri, B.

AU - Amara, A.

AU - Andreon, S.

AU - Auricchio, N.

AU - Baldi, M.

AU - Balestra, A.

AU - Bardelli, S.

AU - Bender, R.

AU - Biviano, A.

AU - Bodendorf, C.

AU - Bonino, D.

AU - Branchini, E.

AU - Brescia, M.

AU - Brinchmann, J.

AU - Camera, S.

AU - Capobianco, V.

AU - Carbone, C.

AU - Carretero, J.

AU - Casas, S.

AU - Castander, F. J.

AU - Castellano, M.

AU - Castignani, G.

AU - Cavuoti, S.

AU - Cimatti, A.

AU - Congedo, G.

AU - Conversi, L.

AU - Copin, Y.

AU - Courbin, F.

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PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 deg2, including the cluster core up to 0.25 r200. The dataset reaches a point-source depth of IE = 28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3), AB magnitudes at 5 σ with a 0′′.16 (0′′.48) full width at half maximum (FWHM), and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag arcsec−2 for radially integrated galaxy profiles. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright galaxies and low surface brightness ones, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Cluster membership was determined using several methods in order to maximise the completeness and minimise the contamination of foreground and background sources. We adopted a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper, that includes their photometric and structural properties. We identified all other sources in the Euclid images and obtained accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 137 bright cluster galaxies and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations, which are summarised here. We derived the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid IE band thanks to supplementary u, g, r, i, z, and Hα data from the Canada-France-Hawai’i Telescope (CFHT). Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. We fit the LF and SMF with a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(IE) ≃ −19 and a faint-end slope of αS ≃ −1.2 to −1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of αS ≃ −1.2 to −1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution.

AB - The Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 deg2, including the cluster core up to 0.25 r200. The dataset reaches a point-source depth of IE = 28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3), AB magnitudes at 5 σ with a 0′′.16 (0′′.48) full width at half maximum (FWHM), and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag arcsec−2 for radially integrated galaxy profiles. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright galaxies and low surface brightness ones, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the near-infrared (NIR). Cluster membership was determined using several methods in order to maximise the completeness and minimise the contamination of foreground and background sources. We adopted a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper, that includes their photometric and structural properties. We identified all other sources in the Euclid images and obtained accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 137 bright cluster galaxies and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations, which are summarised here. We derived the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid IE band thanks to supplementary u, g, r, i, z, and Hα data from the Canada-France-Hawai’i Telescope (CFHT). Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. We fit the LF and SMF with a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(IE) ≃ −19 and a faint-end slope of αS ≃ −1.2 to −1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of αS ≃ −1.2 to −1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution.

KW - Galaxies: clusters: individual: Perseus

KW - Galaxies: fundamental parameters

KW - Galaxies: luminosity function

KW - Mass function

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202450808

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202450808

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:105004749000

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 697

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A11

ER -

Euclid: Early Release Observations – Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

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