GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Source catalog, number counts, and prevailing compact sizes in 1.1 mm galaxies

Submillimeter/millimeter observations of dusty star-forming galaxies with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have shown that dust continuum emission generally occurs in compact regions smaller than the stellar distribution. However, it remains to be understood how systematic these findings are. Studies often lack homogeneity in the sample selection, target discontinuous areas with inhomogeneous sensitivities, and suffer from modest uv coverage coming from single array configurations. GOODS-ALMA is a 1.1 mm galaxy survey over a continuous area of 72.42 arcmin² at a homogeneous sensitivity. In this version 2.0, we present a new low resolution dataset and its combination with the previous high resolution dataset from the survey, improving the uv coverage and sensitivity reaching an average of σ = 68.4 μJy beam⁻¹. A total of 88 galaxies are detected in a blind search (compared to 35 in the high resolution dataset alone), 50% at S/N^peak ≥ 5 and 50% at 3.5 ≤ S/N^peak ≤ 5 aided by priors. Among them, 13 out of the 88 are optically dark or faint sources (H- or K-band dropouts). The sample dust continuum sizes at 1.1 mm are generally compact, with a median effective radius of R_e = 0_.^″10 ± 0_.^″05 (a physical size of R_e = 0.73 ± 0.29 kpc at the redshift of each source). Dust continuum sizes evolve with redshift and stellar mass resembling the trends of the stellar sizes measured at optical wavelengths, albeit a lower normalization compared to those of late-type galaxies. We conclude that for sources with flux densities S_1.1 mm >  1 mJy, compact dust continuum emission at 1.1 mm prevails, and sizes as extended as typical star-forming stellar disks are rare. The S_1.1 mm <  1 mJy sources appear slightly more extended at 1.1 mm, although they are still generally compact below the sizes of typical star-forming stellar disks.