Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Gregory A. Roth; George A. Mensah; Catherine O. Johnson; Giovanni Addolorato; Enrico Ammirati; Larry M. Baddour; Nöel C. Barengo; Andrea Beaton; Emelia J. Benjamin; Catherine P. Benziger; Aimé Bonny; Michael Brauer; Marianne Brodmann; Thomas J. Cahill; Jonathan R. Carapetis; Alberico L. Catapano; Sumeet S. Chugh; Leslie T. Cooper; Josef Coresh; Michael Criqui; Nicole DeCleene; Kim A. Eagle; Sophia Emmons-Bell; Valery L. Feigin; Joaquim Fernández-Sola; Gerry Fowkes; Emmanuela Gakidou; Scott M. Grundy; Feng J. He; George Howard; Frank Hu; Lesley Inker; Ganesan Karthikeyan; Nicholas Kassebaum; Walter Koroshetz; Carl Lavie; Donald Lloyd-Jones; Hong S. Lu; Antonio Mirijello; Awoke Misganaw Temesgen; Ali Mokdad; Andrew E. Moran; Paul Muntner; Jagat Narula; Bruce Neal; Mpiko Ntsekhe; Glaucia Moraes de Oliveira; Catherine Otto; Mayowa Owolabi; Michael Pratt; Sanjay Rajagopalan; Marissa Reitsma; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; Nancy Rigotti; Anthony Rodgers; Craig Sable; Saate Shakil; Karen Sliwa-Hahnle; Benjamin Stark; Johan Sundström; Patrick Timpel; Imad M. Tleyjeh; Marco Valgimigli; Theo Vos; Paul K. Whelton; Magdi Yacoub; Liesl Zuhlke; Christopher Murray; Valentin Fuster; GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group

doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Gregory A. Roth^* (Member of author collaboration)
, George A. Mensah^* (Member of author collaboration)
, Catherine O. Johnson (Member of author collaboration)
, Giovanni Addolorato (Member of author collaboration)
, Enrico Ammirati (Member of author collaboration)
, Larry M. Baddour (Member of author collaboration)
, Nöel C. Barengo (Member of author collaboration)
, Andrea Beaton (Member of author collaboration)
, Emelia J. Benjamin (Member of author collaboration)
, Catherine P. Benziger (Member of author collaboration)
, Aimé Bonny (Member of author collaboration)
, Michael Brauer (Member of author collaboration)
, Marianne Brodmann (Member of author collaboration)
, Thomas J. Cahill (Member of author collaboration)
, Jonathan R. Carapetis (Member of author collaboration)
, Alberico L. Catapano (Member of author collaboration)
, Sumeet S. Chugh (Member of author collaboration)
, Leslie T. Cooper (Member of author collaboration)
, Josef Coresh (Member of author collaboration)
, Michael Criqui (Member of author collaboration)

Nicole DeCleene (Member of author collaboration), Kim A. Eagle (Member of author collaboration), Sophia Emmons-Bell (Member of author collaboration), Valery L. Feigin (Member of author collaboration), Joaquim Fernández-Sola (Member of author collaboration), Gerry Fowkes (Member of author collaboration), Emmanuela Gakidou (Member of author collaboration), Scott M. Grundy (Member of author collaboration), Feng J. He (Member of author collaboration), George Howard (Member of author collaboration), Frank Hu (Member of author collaboration), Lesley Inker (Member of author collaboration), Ganesan Karthikeyan (Member of author collaboration), Nicholas Kassebaum (Member of author collaboration), Walter Koroshetz (Member of author collaboration), Carl Lavie (Member of author collaboration), Donald Lloyd-Jones (Member of author collaboration), Hong S. Lu (Member of author collaboration), Antonio Mirijello (Member of author collaboration), Awoke Misganaw Temesgen (Member of author collaboration), Ali Mokdad (Member of author collaboration), Andrew E. Moran (Member of author collaboration), Paul Muntner (Member of author collaboration), Jagat Narula (Member of author collaboration), Bruce Neal (Member of author collaboration), Mpiko Ntsekhe (Member of author collaboration), Glaucia Moraes de Oliveira (Member of author collaboration), Catherine Otto (Member of author collaboration), Mayowa Owolabi (Member of author collaboration), Michael Pratt (Member of author collaboration), Sanjay Rajagopalan (Member of author collaboration), Marissa Reitsma (Member of author collaboration), Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro (Member of author collaboration), Nancy Rigotti (Member of author collaboration), Anthony Rodgers (Member of author collaboration), Craig Sable (Member of author collaboration), Saate Shakil (Member of author collaboration), Karen Sliwa-Hahnle (Member of author collaboration), Benjamin Stark (Member of author collaboration), Johan Sundström (Member of author collaboration), Patrick Timpel (Member of author collaboration), Imad M. Tleyjeh (Member of author collaboration), Marco Valgimigli (Member of author collaboration), Theo Vos (Member of author collaboration), Paul K. Whelton (Member of author collaboration), Magdi Yacoub (Member of author collaboration), Liesl Zuhlke (Member of author collaboration), Christopher Murray (Member of author collaboration), Valentin Fuster (Member of author collaboration), GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group

^*Corresponding author for this work

Asst Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda
Florida International University
Boston University
Essentia Health
Université de Douala
University of British Columbia
Medical University of Graz
Telethon Kids Institute
University of Milan
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL
University of California at San Diego
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
University of Edinburgh
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Queen Mary University of London
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Harvard University
Tufts University
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Ochsner Health
University of Kentucky
IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza - San Giovanni Rotondo (FG)
Columbia University
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Catholic University of Rome
Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Newpath Partners LLC
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Barnaclínic+
National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke
Northwestern University
The University of Sydney
University of Ibadan
Case Western Reserve University
Stanford University School of Medicine
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Massachusetts General Hospital
The George Institute for Global Health
Children's National Medical Center
University of Washington
University of Cape Town
Uppsala University
Dresden University of Technology
King Fahd Medical City
Bern University Hospital
Tulane University
Imperial College London
University of Copenhagen
University of Southern Denmark

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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.
Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019.
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.

Original language	English
Journal	Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Volume	76
Issue number	25
Pages (from-to)	2982-3021
Number of pages	40
ISSN	0735-1097
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
Publication status	Published - 2020

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Keywords

Cardiovascular diseases
Global health
Health policy
Population health

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Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A., Benjamin, E. J., Benziger, C. P., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brodmann, M., Cahill, T. J., Carapetis, J. R., Catapano, A. L., Chugh, S. S., Cooper, L. T., Coresh, J., ... GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group (2020). Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982-3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

@article{35215829c721449dbcf37cfcbf0256f9,

title = "Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study",

abstract = "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95\% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95\% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95\% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95\% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95\% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95\% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95\% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95\% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95\% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95\% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95\% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95\% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30\% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.",

keywords = "Cardiovascular diseases, Global health, Health policy, Population health",

author = "Roth, \{Gregory A.\} and Mensah, \{George A.\} and Johnson, \{Catherine O.\} and Giovanni Addolorato and Enrico Ammirati and Baddour, \{Larry M.\} and Barengo, \{N{\"o}el C.\} and Andrea Beaton and Benjamin, \{Emelia J.\} and Benziger, \{Catherine P.\} and Aim{\'e} Bonny and Michael Brauer and Marianne Brodmann and Cahill, \{Thomas J.\} and Carapetis, \{Jonathan R.\} and Catapano, \{Alberico L.\} and Chugh, \{Sumeet S.\} and Cooper, \{Leslie T.\} and Josef Coresh and Michael Criqui and Nicole DeCleene and Eagle, \{Kim A.\} and Sophia Emmons-Bell and Feigin, \{Valery L.\} and Joaquim Fern{\'a}ndez-Sola and Gerry Fowkes and Emmanuela Gakidou and Grundy, \{Scott M.\} and He, \{Feng J.\} and George Howard and Frank Hu and Lesley Inker and Ganesan Karthikeyan and Nicholas Kassebaum and Walter Koroshetz and Carl Lavie and Donald Lloyd-Jones and Lu, \{Hong S.\} and Antonio Mirijello and Temesgen, \{Awoke Misganaw\} and Ali Mokdad and Moran, \{Andrew E.\} and Paul Muntner and Jagat Narula and Bruce Neal and Mpiko Ntsekhe and \{de Oliveira\}, \{Glaucia Moraes\} and Catherine Otto and Mayowa Owolabi and Michael Pratt and Sanjay Rajagopalan and Marissa Reitsma and Ribeiro, \{Antonio Luiz P.\} and Nancy Rigotti and Anthony Rodgers and Craig Sable and Saate Shakil and Karen Sliwa-Hahnle and Benjamin Stark and Johan Sundstr{\"o}m and Patrick Timpel and Tleyjeh, \{Imad M.\} and Marco Valgimigli and Theo Vos and Whelton, \{Paul K.\} and Magdi Yacoub and Liesl Zuhlke and Christopher Murray and Valentin Fuster and \{GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group\} and N. Ghith and M. Shamali and Truelsen, \{T. C.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors",

year = "2020",

doi = "10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010",

language = "English",

volume = "76",

pages = "2982--3021",

journal = "Journal of the American College of Cardiology",

issn = "0735-1097",

publisher = "Elsevier",

number = "25",

}

Roth, GA, Mensah, GA, Johnson, CO, Addolorato, G, Ammirati, E, Baddour, LM, Barengo, NC, Beaton, A, Benjamin, EJ, Benziger, CP, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brodmann, M, Cahill, TJ, Carapetis, JR, Catapano, AL, Chugh, SS, Cooper, LT, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, DeCleene, N, Eagle, KA, Emmons-Bell, S, Feigin, VL, Fernández-Sola, J, Fowkes, G, Gakidou, E, Grundy, SM, He, FJ, Howard, G, Hu, F, Inker, L, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Koroshetz, W, Lavie, C, Lloyd-Jones, D, Lu, HS, Mirijello, A, Temesgen, AM, Mokdad, A, Moran, AE, Muntner, P, Narula, J, Neal, B, Ntsekhe, M, de Oliveira, GM, Otto, C, Owolabi, M, Pratt, M, Rajagopalan, S, Reitsma, M, Ribeiro, ALP, Rigotti, N, Rodgers, A, Sable, C, Shakil, S, Sliwa-Hahnle, K, Stark, B, Sundström, J, Timpel, P, Tleyjeh, IM, Valgimigli, M, Vos, T, Whelton, PK, Yacoub, M, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Fuster, V & GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group 2020, 'Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 76, no. 25, pp. 2982-3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. / Roth, Gregory A. (Member of author collaboration); Mensah, George A. (Member of author collaboration); Johnson, Catherine O. (Member of author collaboration) et al.
In: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 76, No. 25, 2020, p. 2982-3021.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019

T2 - Update From the GBD 2019 Study

AU - GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group

A2 - Roth, Gregory A.

A2 - Mensah, George A.

A2 - Johnson, Catherine O.

A2 - Addolorato, Giovanni

A2 - Ammirati, Enrico

A2 - Baddour, Larry M.

A2 - Barengo, Nöel C.

A2 - Beaton, Andrea

A2 - Benjamin, Emelia J.

A2 - Benziger, Catherine P.

A2 - Bonny, Aimé

A2 - Brauer, Michael

A2 - Brodmann, Marianne

A2 - Cahill, Thomas J.

A2 - Carapetis, Jonathan R.

A2 - Catapano, Alberico L.

A2 - Chugh, Sumeet S.

A2 - Cooper, Leslie T.

A2 - Coresh, Josef

A2 - Criqui, Michael

A2 - DeCleene, Nicole

A2 - Eagle, Kim A.

A2 - Emmons-Bell, Sophia

A2 - Feigin, Valery L.

A2 - Fernández-Sola, Joaquim

A2 - Fowkes, Gerry

A2 - Gakidou, Emmanuela

A2 - Grundy, Scott M.

A2 - He, Feng J.

A2 - Howard, George

A2 - Hu, Frank

A2 - Inker, Lesley

A2 - Karthikeyan, Ganesan

A2 - Kassebaum, Nicholas

A2 - Koroshetz, Walter

A2 - Lavie, Carl

A2 - Lloyd-Jones, Donald

A2 - Lu, Hong S.

A2 - Mirijello, Antonio

A2 - Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw

A2 - Mokdad, Ali

A2 - Moran, Andrew E.

A2 - Muntner, Paul

A2 - Narula, Jagat

A2 - Neal, Bruce

A2 - Ntsekhe, Mpiko

A2 - de Oliveira, Glaucia Moraes

A2 - Otto, Catherine

A2 - Owolabi, Mayowa

A2 - Pratt, Michael

A2 - Rajagopalan, Sanjay

A2 - Reitsma, Marissa

A2 - Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.

A2 - Rigotti, Nancy

A2 - Rodgers, Anthony

A2 - Sable, Craig

A2 - Shakil, Saate

A2 - Sliwa-Hahnle, Karen

A2 - Stark, Benjamin

A2 - Sundström, Johan

A2 - Timpel, Patrick

A2 - Tleyjeh, Imad M.

A2 - Valgimigli, Marco

A2 - Vos, Theo

A2 - Whelton, Paul K.

A2 - Yacoub, Magdi

A2 - Zuhlke, Liesl

A2 - Murray, Christopher

A2 - Fuster, Valentin

A2 - Ghith, N.

A2 - Shamali, M.

A2 - Truelsen, T. C.

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.

AB - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.

KW - Cardiovascular diseases

KW - Global health

KW - Health policy

KW - Population health

U2 - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

DO - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

M3 - Review

C2 - 33309175

AN - SCOPUS:85098835749

SN - 0735-1097

VL - 76

SP - 2982

EP - 3021

JO - Journal of the American College of Cardiology

JF - Journal of the American College of Cardiology

IS - 25

ER -

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Abstract

UN SDGs

Keywords

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