Functionally graded nickel–titanium shape memory alloys produced by in-situ additive manufacturing

In this study, three-dimensional functionally graded NiTi bulk materials were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) by in-situ adding Ni powder into equiatomic NiTi powder. The gradient zone exhibited a Ni composition ranging from approximately 49.6 to 52.4 at.% over a distance of about 2.75 mm. The functionalities along the compositional gradient were examined through differential scanning calorimetry analysis and spherical indentation. This unique gradient resulted in location-specific functionalities, including superelasticity characterized by wide and narrow hysteresis loops, shape memory effect, and various phase transformation temperatures. The rapid cooling rate during fabrication led to the presence of excess Ni in the solid-solute state within NiTi. This unique solid-solute compositional gradient in NiTi resulted in varying lattice parameters, influencing the compatibility between martensite and austenite and allowing for tailored hysteresis. This discovery presents new avenues for designing multifunctional materials through in-situ additive manufacturing.