Formation of Sclerotia and Production of Indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and Other Species in Section Nigri

Jens Christian Frisvad; Lene Maj Petersen; Ellen Kirstine Lyhne; Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094857

Formation of Sclerotia and Production of Indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and Other Species in Section Nigri

Jens Christian Frisvad, Lene Maj Petersen, Ellen Kirstine Lyhne, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen

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Abstract

Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time.

Original language	English
Article number	e94857
Journal	PLOS ONE
Volume	9
Issue number	4
Number of pages	11
ISSN	1932-6203
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094857
Publication status	Published - 2014

Bibliographical note

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Keywords

fruit
sclerotia formation
Fungi Plantae (Fungi, Microorganisms, Nonvascular Plants, Plants) - Fungi Imperfecti or Deuteromycetes [15500] Nigri section Aspergillus brasiliensis species Aspergillus ibericus species Aspergillus luchuensis species Penicillium rubens species Aspergillus saccharolyticus species Aspergillus niger species sensu stricto Aspergillus floridensis species Aspergillus neoniger species Aspergillus trinidadensis species Aspergillus aculeatus species strain-IBT 21030 Aspergillus welwitchiae species
Monocotyledones Angiospermae Spermatophyta Plantae (Angiosperms, Monocots, Plants, Spermatophytes, Vascular Plants) - Gramineae [25305] rice common
CYA agar
dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine
gene cluster
raisin
03502, Genetics - General
03504, Genetics - Plant
Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
diode array detection laboratory techniques
liquid chromatography laboratory techniques, chromatographic techniques
mass spectrometry laboratory techniques, spectrum analysis techniques
Molecular Genetics
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
THAI COFFEE BEANS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FUMONISIN B-2
ANTIINSECTAN METABOLITE
CRYPTIC SEXUALITY
TUBINGENSIN-A
OCHRATOXIN
MYCOTOXINS
GROWTH
FUNGI

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title = "Formation of Sclerotia and Production of Indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and Other Species in Section Nigri",

abstract = "Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time.",

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author = "Frisvad, {Jens Christian} and Petersen, {Lene Maj} and Lyhne, {Ellen Kirstine} and Larsen, {Thomas Ostenfeld}",

note = "This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",

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doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0094857",

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T1 - Formation of Sclerotia and Production of Indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and Other Species in Section Nigri

AU - Frisvad, Jens Christian

AU - Petersen, Lene Maj

AU - Lyhne, Ellen Kirstine

AU - Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld

N1 - This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

PY - 2014

Y1 - 2014

N2 - Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time.

AB - Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time.

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KW - ANTIINSECTAN METABOLITE

KW - CRYPTIC SEXUALITY

KW - TUBINGENSIN-A

KW - OCHRATOXIN

KW - MYCOTOXINS

KW - GROWTH

KW - FUNGI

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DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0094857

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