Abstract
A common closure for the planetary boundary layer in numerical weather models assumes a direct relation between turbulent fluxes and the mean wind vertical gradient, i.e., the flux-gradient relation or K-theory. This assumption implies that the angle β between the momentum stress vector and the mean gradient of the velocity vector are aligned, i.e., β = 0°. This is not what we observe from measurements. We quantify the misalignment of β in offshore conditions using measurements from a long-range Doppler profiling lidar and numerical simulations from the New European Wind Atlas mesoscale model output. We compare vertical profiles of wind speed, wind direction, momentum fluxes, and β up to 500 m, hence covering the rotor areas of modern offshore wind turbines and beyond. The results show that β ≈ −18° on average, with a lower, but still non-zero, value under stable stability conditions, ≈ −7°. We illustrate that the simulations describe well the mean wind speed and momentum fluxes within the observed levels, but the characterization of wind turning effects could be improved.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 8 |
Book series | Journal of Physics: Conference Series |
Volume | 1618 |
Issue number | 3 |
Number of pages | 32,032 |
ISSN | 1742-6596 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2020 |
Event | TORQUE 2020 - Online event, Netherlands Duration: 28 Sep 2020 → 2 Oct 2020 https://www.torque2020.org/ |
Conference
Conference | TORQUE 2020 |
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Location | Online event |
Country/Territory | Netherlands |
Period | 28/09/2020 → 02/10/2020 |
Internet address |