Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

AWAKE Collaboration; L. Verra; C. Amoedo; N. Torrado; A. Clairembaud; J. Mezger; F. Pannell; J. Pucek; N. Van Gils; M. Bergamaschi; G. Zevi Della Porta; N. Lopes; A. Sublet; M. Turner; E. Gschwendtner; P. Muggli; R. Agnello; C. C. Ahdida; Y. Andrebe; O. Apsimon; R. Apsimon; J. M. Arnesano; V. Bencini; P. Blanchard; P. N. Burrows; B. Buttenschön; A. Caldwell; M. Chung; D. A. Cooke; C. Davut; G. Demeter; A. C. Dexter; S. Doebert; J. Farmer; A. Fasoli; R. Fonseca; I. Furno; E. Granados; M. Granetzny; T. Graubner; O. Grulke; E. Guran; J. Henderson; M. Kedves; F. Kraus; M. Krupa; T. Lefevre; L. Liang; S. Liu; K. Lotov; M. Martinez Calderon; M. Martinez Calderon; S. Mazzoni; K. Moon; P. I. Morales Guzmán; M. Moreira; T. Nechaeva; N.  Okhotnikov; C. Pakuza; A. Pardons; K. Pepitone; E. Poimendidou; A. Pukhov; R. L. Ramjiawan; L. Ranc; S. Rey; R. Rossel; H. Saberi; O. Schmitz; E. Senes; F.  Silva; L.  Silva; B. Spear; C. Stollberg; C. Swain; A. Topaloudis; P. Tuev; F. Velotti; V. Verzilov; J. Vieira; E.  Walter; C.  Welsch; M. Wendt; M. Wing; J. Wolfenden; B. Woolley; G. Xia; V. Yarygova; M. Zepp

doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203

Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

AWAKE Collaboration
, L. Verra
, C. Amoedo
, N. Torrado
, A. Clairembaud
, J. Mezger
, F. Pannell
, J. Pucek
, N. Van Gils
, M. Bergamaschi
, G. Zevi Della Porta
, N. Lopes
, A. Sublet
, M. Turner
, E. Gschwendtner
, P. Muggli
, R. Agnello
, C. C. Ahdida
, Y. Andrebe
, O. Apsimon

R. Apsimon, J. M. Arnesano, V. Bencini, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, C. Davut, G. Demeter, A. C. Dexter, S. Doebert, J. Farmer, A. Fasoli, R. Fonseca, I. Furno, E. Granados, M. Granetzny, T. Graubner, O. Grulke, E. Guran, J. Henderson, M. Kedves, F. Kraus, M. Krupa, T. Lefevre, L. Liang, S. Liu, K. Lotov, M. Martinez Calderon, M. Martinez Calderon, S. Mazzoni, K. Moon, P. I. Morales Guzmán, M. Moreira, T. Nechaeva, N. Okhotnikov, C. Pakuza, A. Pardons, K. Pepitone, E. Poimendidou, A. Pukhov, R. L. Ramjiawan, L. Ranc, S. Rey, R. Rossel, H. Saberi, O. Schmitz, E. Senes, F. Silva, L. Silva, B. Spear, C. Stollberg, C. Swain, A. Topaloudis, P. Tuev, F. Velotti, V. Verzilov, J. Vieira, E. Walter, C. Welsch, M. Wendt, M. Wing, J. Wolfenden, B. Woolley, G. Xia, V. Yarygova, M. Zepp

Department of Physics

National Institute for Nuclear Physics
CERN
University of Lisbon
Université Paris-Saclay
Max Planck Institute for Physics (Werner Heisenberg Institute)
University College London
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
University of Manchester
Lancaster University
University of Oxford
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
Wigner Research Centre for Physics
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Marburg
Daresbury Laboratory
TRIUMF
Novosibirsk State University
Uppsala University
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Cockcroft Institute
University of Liverpool

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Abstract

We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, which we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation instability (evidenced by longitudinal modulation into microbunches). Time-resolved images of the bunch density distribution reveal that filamentation grows to an observable level late along the bunch, confirming the spatiotemporal nature of the instability. We provide a rough estimate of the amplitude of the magnetic field generated in the plasma by the instability and show that the associated magnetic energy increases with plasma density.

Original language	English
Article number	055203
Journal	Physical Review E
Volume	109
Issue number	5
ISSN	2470-0045
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203
Publication status	Published - 2024

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AWAKE Collaboration, Verra, L., Amoedo, C., Torrado, N., Clairembaud, A., Mezger, J., Pannell, F., Pucek, J., Van Gils, N., Bergamaschi, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Lopes, N., Sublet, A., Turner, M., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Andrebe, Y., ... Zepp, M. (2024). Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma. Physical Review E, 109(5), Article 055203. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203

@article{8a98c4f7efb0477991ffb2d0ec58bdda,

title = "Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma",

abstract = "We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, which we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation instability (evidenced by longitudinal modulation into microbunches). Time-resolved images of the bunch density distribution reveal that filamentation grows to an observable level late along the bunch, confirming the spatiotemporal nature of the instability. We provide a rough estimate of the amplitude of the magnetic field generated in the plasma by the instability and show that the associated magnetic energy increases with plasma density.",

author = "\{AWAKE Collaboration\} and L. Verra and C. Amoedo and N. Torrado and A. Clairembaud and J. Mezger and F. Pannell and J. Pucek and \{Van Gils\}, N. and M. Bergamaschi and \{Zevi Della Porta\}, G. and N. Lopes and A. Sublet and M. Turner and E. Gschwendtner and P. Muggli and R. Agnello and Ahdida, \{C. C.\} and Y. Andrebe and O. Apsimon and R. Apsimon and Arnesano, \{J. M.\} and V. Bencini and P. Blanchard and Burrows, \{P. N.\} and B. Buttensch{\"o}n and A. Caldwell and M. Chung and Cooke, \{D. A.\} and C. Davut and G. Demeter and Dexter, \{A. C.\} and S. Doebert and J. Farmer and A. Fasoli and R. Fonseca and I. Furno and E. Granados and M. Granetzny and T. Graubner and O. Grulke and E. Guran and J. Henderson and M. Kedves and F. Kraus and M. Krupa and T. Lefevre and L. Liang and S. Liu and K. Lotov and \{Martinez Calderon\}, M. and \{Martinez Calderon\}, M. and S. Mazzoni and K. Moon and \{Morales Guzm{\'a}n\}, \{P. I.\} and M. Moreira and T. Nechaeva and N. Okhotnikov and C. Pakuza and A. Pardons and K. Pepitone and E. Poimendidou and A. Pukhov and Ramjiawan, \{R. L.\} and L. Ranc and S. Rey and R. Rossel and H. Saberi and O. Schmitz and E. Senes and F. Silva and L. Silva and B. Spear and C. Stollberg and C. Swain and A. Topaloudis and P. Tuev and F. Velotti and V. Verzilov and J. Vieira and E. Walter and C. Welsch and M. Wendt and M. Wing and J. Wolfenden and B. Woolley and G. Xia and V. Yarygova and M. Zepp",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the {"}https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/{"}Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by CERN.",

year = "2024",

doi = "10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203",

language = "English",

volume = "109",

journal = "Physical Review E",

issn = "2470-0045",

publisher = "American Physical Society",

number = "5",

}

AWAKE Collaboration, Verra, L, Amoedo, C, Torrado, N, Clairembaud, A, Mezger, J, Pannell, F, Pucek, J, Van Gils, N, Bergamaschi, M, Zevi Della Porta, G, Lopes, N, Sublet, A, Turner, M, Gschwendtner, E, Muggli, P, Agnello, R, Ahdida, CC, Andrebe, Y, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Arnesano, JM, Bencini, V, Blanchard, P, Burrows, PN, Buttenschön, B, Caldwell, A, Chung, M, Cooke, DA, Davut, C, Demeter, G, Dexter, AC, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fasoli, A, Fonseca, R, Furno, I, Granados, E, Granetzny, M, Graubner, T, Grulke, O, Guran, E, Henderson, J, Kedves, M, Kraus, F, Krupa, M, Lefevre, T, Liang, L, Liu, S, Lotov, K, Martinez Calderon, M, Martinez Calderon, M, Mazzoni, S, Moon, K, Morales Guzmán, PI, Moreira, M, Nechaeva, T, Okhotnikov, N, Pakuza, C, Pardons, A, Pepitone, K, Poimendidou, E, Pukhov, A, Ramjiawan, RL, Ranc, L, Rey, S, Rossel, R, Saberi, H, Schmitz, O, Senes, E, Silva, F, Silva, L, Spear, B, Stollberg, C, Swain, C, Topaloudis, A, Tuev, P, Velotti, F, Verzilov, V, Vieira, J, Walter, E, Welsch, C, Wendt, M, Wing, M, Wolfenden, J, Woolley, B, Xia, G, Yarygova, V & Zepp, M 2024, 'Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma', Physical Review E, vol. 109, no. 5, 055203. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203

TY - JOUR

T1 - Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

AU - AWAKE Collaboration

AU - Verra, L.

AU - Amoedo, C.

AU - Torrado, N.

AU - Clairembaud, A.

AU - Mezger, J.

AU - Pannell, F.

AU - Pucek, J.

AU - Van Gils, N.

AU - Bergamaschi, M.

AU - Zevi Della Porta, G.

AU - Lopes, N.

AU - Sublet, A.

AU - Turner, M.

AU - Gschwendtner, E.

AU - Muggli, P.

AU - Agnello, R.

AU - Ahdida, C. C.

AU - Andrebe, Y.

AU - Apsimon, O.

AU - Apsimon, R.

AU - Arnesano, J. M.

AU - Bencini, V.

AU - Blanchard, P.

AU - Burrows, P. N.

AU - Buttenschön, B.

AU - Caldwell, A.

AU - Chung, M.

AU - Cooke, D. A.

AU - Davut, C.

AU - Demeter, G.

AU - Dexter, A. C.

AU - Doebert, S.

AU - Farmer, J.

AU - Fasoli, A.

AU - Fonseca, R.

AU - Furno, I.

AU - Granados, E.

AU - Granetzny, M.

AU - Graubner, T.

AU - Grulke, O.

AU - Guran, E.

AU - Henderson, J.

AU - Kedves, M.

AU - Kraus, F.

AU - Krupa, M.

AU - Lefevre, T.

AU - Liang, L.

AU - Liu, S.

AU - Lotov, K.

AU - Martinez Calderon, M.

AU - Mazzoni, S.

AU - Moon, K.

AU - Morales Guzmán, P. I.

AU - Moreira, M.

AU - Nechaeva, T.

AU - Okhotnikov, N.

AU - Pakuza, C.

AU - Pardons, A.

AU - Pepitone, K.

AU - Poimendidou, E.

AU - Pukhov, A.

AU - Ramjiawan, R. L.

AU - Ranc, L.

AU - Rey, S.

AU - Rossel, R.

AU - Saberi, H.

AU - Schmitz, O.

AU - Senes, E.

AU - Silva, F.

AU - Silva, L.

AU - Spear, B.

AU - Stollberg, C.

AU - Swain, C.

AU - Topaloudis, A.

AU - Tuev, P.

AU - Velotti, F.

AU - Verzilov, V.

AU - Vieira, J.

AU - Walter, E.

AU - Welsch, C.

AU - Wendt, M.

AU - Wing, M.

AU - Wolfenden, J.

AU - Woolley, B.

AU - Xia, G.

AU - Yarygova, V.

AU - Zepp, M.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by CERN.

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, which we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation instability (evidenced by longitudinal modulation into microbunches). Time-resolved images of the bunch density distribution reveal that filamentation grows to an observable level late along the bunch, confirming the spatiotemporal nature of the instability. We provide a rough estimate of the amplitude of the magnetic field generated in the plasma by the instability and show that the associated magnetic energy increases with plasma density.

AB - We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, which we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation instability (evidenced by longitudinal modulation into microbunches). Time-resolved images of the bunch density distribution reveal that filamentation grows to an observable level late along the bunch, confirming the spatiotemporal nature of the instability. We provide a rough estimate of the amplitude of the magnetic field generated in the plasma by the instability and show that the associated magnetic energy increases with plasma density.

U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203

DO - 10.1103/PhysRevE.109.055203

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 38907424

AN - SCOPUS:85192675501

SN - 2470-0045

VL - 109

JO - Physical Review E

JF - Physical Review E

IS - 5

M1 - 055203

ER -

Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

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