Fast and Reliable Primary Frequency Reserves From Refrigerators with Decentralized Stochastic Control

Evangelos Vrettos, Charalampos Ziras, Goran Andersson

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    Abstract

    Due to increasing shares of renewable energy sources, more frequency reserves are required to maintain power system stability. In this paper, we present a decentralized control scheme that allows a large aggregation of refrigerators to provide Primary Frequency Control (PFC) reserves to the grid based on local frequency measurements and without communication. The control is based on stochastic switching of refrigerators depending on the frequency deviation. We develop methods to account for typical lockout constraints of compressors and increased power consumption during the startup phase. In addition, we propose a procedure to dynamically reset the thermostat temperature limits in order to provide reliable PFC reserves, as well as a corrective temperature feedback loop to build robustness to biased frequency deviations. Furthermore, we introduce an additional randomization layer in the controller to account for thermostat resolution limitations, and finally, we modify the control design to account for refrigerator door openings. Extensive simulations with actual frequency signal data and with different aggregation sizes, load characteristics, and control parameters, demonstrate that the proposed controller outperforms a relevant state-of-the-art controller.
    Original languageEnglish
    Article number1610.00953
    JournalIEEE Transactions on Power Systems
    Number of pages44
    ISSN0885-8950
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - 2016

    Bibliographical note

    (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

    Keywords

    • Thermostatically controlled loads
    • Ancillary services
    • Primary frequency control
    • Demand Response

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