Estimation of Turbulence Statistics from Pulsed Lidar

Turbulence, characterized by the standard deviation of wind speed fluctuations, plays a significant role in determining the mechanical loads on wind turbines [1, 2, 3]. Measuring turbulence using pulsed lidar is still challenging, as several factors, such as probe volume averaging, cross-contamination between different velocity components, and high-frequency noise from the velocity estimation process, degrade the accuracy of velocity variances [4]. The current practice for measuring turbulence with pulsed lidar relies on deriving velocity time series and calculating variances relative to the mean velocity, which has some challenges [5].