Energy Poverty within a Multidimensional Framework: Inequality, Measurement, and Pathways to Inclusive Development

This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of the evolving concept, measurement, and implications of energy poverty within the broader context of sustainable development. It highlights energy poverty as a multidimensional condition shaped by economic constraints, governance issues, geographic inequalities, and social dynamics, especially those related to gender and marginalization. It emphasizes the direct relevance of its impact to SDG 1 (No Poverty), as energy deprivation heightens vulnerability and constrains pathways out of poverty, and to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), which requires equitable, reliable, and sustainable access. Energy poverty perpetuates socioeconomic inequality by limiting access to opportunities in health, education, and employment, thereby creating persistent cycles of deprivation. In response, the paper outlines key pathways toward inclusive and sustainable development, emphasizing decentralized renewable technologies, supportive policy frameworks, and community-centered approaches. Ultimately, it identifies significant research gaps and advocates for justice-oriented, interdisciplinary strategies to guide equitable energy transitions.