Ecoefficiency indicators for development of nano-composites

The EU FP7 funded project “NanCore” aims to develop foam nano composites. One WP addresses the environmental aspects using Life Cycle Assessments. A preliminary assessment, based on literature sources, aims to provide inputs for the further technology development in terms of eco-indicators. Four nanocomposites (5 wt%-nanofiller) were investigated; PU/CNT (in-situ polymerization), PP/CNT (in-situ polymerization), PU/clay (bulk polymerization), and PP/clay nanocomposites (bulk polymerization). Due to of lack of information, only the material stages (extraction of materials) and the production of the nanocomposites were evaluated, i.e. so-called “cradle to gate” assessment. Overall, the study emphasises the CNT production as a main cause of impact. Variations occur depending on the type of technology considered (HiPco, FBCVD). However, acid production (for purification process), electricity production, and production of catalysts are identified as main contributors to the impacts. Regarding nano clay the main contributors to impacts on environment are the foaming process as well as the production of the reactants and the catalysts (e.g. polyol, propylene). Nano clay does not contribute significantly. Eco-indicators thus high-light the CNT production, but also foaming processes etc. as focus areas for further technology development. Potential release of nano particles during the life cycle is also a particular issue to devote consideration.