Digital Twins of Urban Drainage System – what about trust?

Can we trust the output from a digital twin? Digital twin technology is promising in its visions, but we need to be able to communicate the uncertainty of the data and models in the twin in order not to lose confidence in this promising technology. By systematically and objectively comparing observations and model output, we can diagnose the errors in the models, and evaluate the model uncertainty for a given objective. We are able to evaluate the location of the uncertainty, assess if it is acceptable or not, and estimate if it can be easily fixed in the models or if this requires future research focus. We may even conclude that the model applied cannot be used for certain objectives.