Digital grayscale printing for patterned transparent conducting Ag electrodes and their applications in flexible electronics

Grayscale (halftone) laser printing is developed as a low-cost and solution processable fabrication method for ITO-free, semi-transparent and conducting Ag electrodes extendable over large area on a flexible substrate. The transmittance and sheet resistance is easily tunable by varying the grayscale value of the color fill between 10% to 20%. The operation of electrodes is demonstrated by fabricating a transparent push button, an electrochromic window and a solar cell.