Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago

Daizhong Liu*, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Kevin C. Harrington, Lilian L. Lee, Patrick S. Kamieneski, Richard I. Davies, Dieter Lutz, Alvio Renzini, Stijn Wuyts, Linda J. Tacconi, Reinhard Genzel, Andreas Burkert, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Belén Alcalde Pampliega, Amit Vishwas, Melanie Kaasinen, Q. Daniel Wang, Eric F. Jiménez-Andrade, James Lowenthal, Nicholas FooBrenda L. Frye, Jinyi Shangguan, Yixian Cao, Guido Agapito, Alex Agudo Berbel, Capucine Barfety, Andrea Baruffolo, Derek Berman, Martin Black, Marco Bonaglia, Runa Briguglio, Luca Carbonaro, Lee Chapman, Jianhang Chen, Aleksandar Cikota, Alice Concas, Olivia Cooper, Giovanni Cresci, Yigit Dallilar, Matthias Deysenroth, Ivan Di Antonio, Amico Di Cianno, Gianluca Di Rico, David Doelman, Mauro Dolci, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan Espejo, Simone Esposito, Daniela Fantinel, Debora Ferruzzi, Helmut Feuchtgruber, Xiaofeng Gao, Carlos Garcia Diaz, Stefan Gillessen, Paolo Grani, Michael Hartl, David Henry, Heinrich Huber, Jean Baptiste Jolly, Christoph U. Keller, Matthew Kenworthy, Kateryna Kravchenko, Minju M. Lee, John Lightfoot, David Lunney, Mike Macintosh, Filippo Mannucci, Thomas Ott, Massimo Pascale, Stavros Pastras, David Pearson, Alfio Puglisi, Claudia Pulsoni, Sebastian Rabien, Christian Rau, Armando Riccardi, Bernardo Salasnich, Taro Shimizu, Frans Snik, Eckhard Sturm, William Taylor, Angelo Valentini, Christopher Waring, Erich Wiezorrek, Marco Xompero, Min S. Yun

*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the rarest and most extreme starbursts and found only in the distant Universe (z ≳ 1). They have intrinsic infrared (IR) luminosities LIR ≥ 1013 L and are commonly found to be major mergers. Recently, the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts project (PASSAGES) searched ~104 deg2 of the sky and found ~20 HyLIRGs. We describe a detailed study of PJ0116-24, the brightest (μLIR ≈ 2.6 × 1014 L, magnified with μ ≈ 17) Einstein-ring HyLIRG in the southern sky, at z = 2.125, with observations from the near-IR integral-field spectrograph VLT/ERIS and the submillimetre interferometer ALMA. We detected Hα, Hβ, [N ii] and [S ii] lines and obtained an extreme Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 8.73 ± 1.14). We modelled the molecular-gas and ionized-gas kinematics with CO(3–2) and Hα data at ~100–300 pc and (sub)kiloparsec delensed scales, respectively, finding consistent regular rotation. We found PJ0116-24 to be highly rotationally supported (vrot0, mol. gas ≈ 9.4) with a richer gaseous substructure than other known HyLIRGs. Our results imply that PJ0116-24 is an intrinsically massive (Mbaryon ≈ 1011.3 M) and rare starbursty disk (star-formation rate, SFR = 1,490 M yr−1) probably undergoing secular evolution. This indicates that the maximal SFR (≳1,000 M yr−1) predicted by simulations could occur during a galaxy’s secular evolution, away from major mergers.

Original languageEnglish
JournalNature Astronomy
ISSN2397-3366
DOIs
Publication statusAccepted/In press - 2024

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© The Author(s) 2024.

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