Abstract
The presence of a surface layer on lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anodes, which has been a topic of debate in scientific literature, is here investigated with tunable high surface sensitive synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to obtain a reliable depth profile of the interphase. Li||LTO cells with electrolytes consisting of 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved in ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate (LiPF6 in EC:DEC) were cycled in two different voltage windows of 1.0-2.0 V and 1.4-2.0 V. LTO electrodes were characterized after 5 and 100 cycles. Also the pristine electrode as such, and an electrode soaked in the electrolyte were analyzed by varying the photon energies enabling depth profiling of the outermost surface layer. The main components of the surface layer were found to be ethers, P-O containing compounds, and lithium fluoride.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | Journal of Power Sources |
| Volume | 294 |
| Pages (from-to) | 173-179 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| ISSN | 0378-7753 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2015 |
UN SDGs
This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
Keywords
- Li-ion batteries
- LTO
- PES
- SEI
- Surface layer
- XPS
- Depth profiling
- Electrodes
- Electrolytes
- Ethylene
- Lithium
- Lithium compounds
- Photoelectron spectroscopy
- Photoelectrons
- Photons
- Solid electrolytes
- Titanium compounds
- X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Surface layers
- Lithium-ion batteries
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