Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Diabetes Management Based on Miniaturized Biosensors

Diabetes is a major global health concern, with 422 million people affected worldwide and more than one million deaths annually. The continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels is one of the most effective ways to treat and manage diabetes and reduce the complications due to this. Nowadays, various laboratorybased technologies are replaced with advanced biosensors to accurately monitor glucose levels in blood samples. The biosensor technology has been continuously developed over the last 50 years to be a frontline diagnostic method, and its further development requires it to perform even more complicated task of monitoring particular analytes in complex biological fluids. For the commercial success of such sensing systems, use of nanomaterials and miniaturization of sensing systems can be two viable options. Selection of proper nanomaterial can enhance the selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensor, and its nonenzymatic behavior can increase its efficiency. Miniaturization of the sensing system makes it affordable and mass producible to use by a wider population. In addition, the development of such miniaturized systems is easy to fabricate and can produce portable systems with ease of operations. In this chapter, various miniaturized optical, electrochemical, and wearable continuous glucose biosensors are discussed with the basic mechanism of glucose sensing.